DETERMINING TEXTUAL

EVIDENCE
LC: Determines textual evidence to validate assertions and
counterclaims made about a text.
 ASSERTIONS

Declaration or strong statements that an idea is true.

Positive statements that make others aware of certain truths
Support and give details to a claim.
Need proof that is composed of evidence and analysis to be solidified
TYPES OF ASSERTIONS

1. Assertion of Fact
Can be proven objectively by direct experience, testimonies of witnesses, verified observations, or the
results of research.

2. Assertion of Convention
Verified by how commonly held definitions and beliefs are interpreted.

3. Assertion of Opinion
Difficult to objectively verify because of the uncertainty of producing satisfactory proofs of soundness.

3. Assertion of Preference
Subjective and cannot be objectively proven or logically attacked.
TYPES OF ASSERTIONS

1. Assertion of Fact
Can be proven objectively by direct experience, testimonies of witnesses, verified observations, or the
results of research.
Example. The sampaguita’s roots are used for medicinal purposes, such as an anesthetic and a sedative.
2. Assertion of Convention
Verified by how commonly held definitions and beliefs are interpreted.
Example. The sampaguita belongs to the genus Jasminum of the family Oleaceae.
3. Assertion of Opinion
Difficult to objectively verify because of the uncertainty of producing satisfactory proofs of soundness.
Example. The popularity of sampaguita flowers is most evident in places of worship.
3. Assertion of Preference
Subjective and cannot be objectively proven or logically attacked.
Example. Sampaguitas are the most beautiful and most fragrant of all flowers.
TIPS ON GIVING EVIDENCE

1. Personal pronouns should be used with caution.

2. Excessive use of passive voice should be avoided.
3. Avoid overstatements.
4. Give sufficient evidence.
5. Check individually all statements if they are all relevant to make it more
logical.
6. Make a balanced assertion.
7. Elaborate your evidence.
8. Picture the evidence as an image.
9. Check if there gaps that need filling in.
WAYS ON PRESENTING EVIDENCE

1. Paraphrasing
2. Summarizing
3. Referencing
4. Quoting
FORMULATING COUNTERCLAIMS

Counterclaims are made to rebut a previous claim.

FALLACIES

1. Formal Fallacy
Has the appearance of good argument, however emotional and psychological

2. Informal Fallacy
Exploits the emotional and psychological weakness of an audience
APPEAL FALLACIES

1. Appeal to Fear. There is the presence of implicit coercion that can affect change
in one’s attitude which is why it is used in marketing, which includes fear of social
rejection.
Example. If you do not take your vitamins, you will get sick.
2. Appeal to Flattery. Appealing to the aspired consequences. It seems to say, “you
do as it says, or if not…”
Example. You look attractive because you use papaya soap.
3. Appeal to novelty. Appealing to what is trending, fashionable, or new.
Example. The school is newly painted, so it should look better than before.
4. Appeal to pity. This is the way of exploiting someone’s feelings of pity or guilt.
Example. If I do not have enough allowance, I will just walk home from school.
APPEAL FALLACIES

5. Appeal to Ridicule. Appealing to present an opponent’s argument as ridiculous,

absurd, impossible, or just a mere humorous idea without any merit.
Example. Mom, if I dress up in the prom as you wish, I will be the laughing stock of
all.
6. Appeal to Emotions. This involves the manipulation of other’s emotions.
7. Appeal to Disgust. Appealing in the guise of moral uprightness.
8. Appeal to Spite. Appealing to pride so there is lack of humility.
9. Appeal to Authority. Appealing to one who speaks with authority and has ample
knowledge.
10. Appeal to Coherence. Appealing to something undisputable.
11. Appeal to Consensus. Appealing to what most people believe to be true.
APPEAL FALLACIES

12. Appeal to Consistency. It does not man that is one is consistent, he speaks the
truth.
13. Appeal to Correspondence. Appealing to almost likeness which makes it most
valid.
14. Appeal of Custom. It does not follow that by doing the customary, you are doing
what is true.
15. Appeal to Intuition. This focuses on the sudden rush of feelings or ideas.
16. Appeal to Common Practice. Statistics is not the basis of the truth becoming
acceptable.
17. Appeal to Consequence of a Belief. This involves forming of beliefs and making
decisions according to what might be pleasing to the imagination rather than the
reality.
ACTIVITIES

I. Create a video expressing an argument about the following topics. Start your
argument with a claim or counterclaim followed by assertions and evidences.
1. Gene Editing (Curie)
2. Artificial Intelligence (Mendeleev)
3. Space Colonization (Rutherford)
4. Economic Globalization (ABM)
5. Territorial Disputes on the West Philippine Sea (HUMSS)