Nickel is the chief constituent of a number of non-ferrous alloys which are

used in special applications in aircraft work.

The main feature common to all of these alloys is their good corrosion resistance.

Monel
Nimonic

Nickel and Nickel Alloys

Inconel “K” Monel Inconel “X”

Prepared By: M.Azlan Shafie

 Copper and it’s alloys

Copper, brass and bronze have important specialized

applications in aircraft, such as bearings, fuel and oil lines
and electrical wiring contacts.

COPPER AND ITS ALLOYS

- Reddish brown in colour.
- Good conductor of heat and electricity.
- Malleably and Ductile. Can be shaped by rolling, drawing, forging and
pressing.copper is used to make electrical cables and parts for electrical
equipments.

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BRASS
Copper based alloys containing up to 45% zinc and sometimes small amount
of other metals such as tin, aluminium, lead, manganese, these additions
increase the tensile strength and resistance corrosion.
It is used in manufacture of instrument mechanism, bellows assemblies and
pitot head.

BRONZE

Copper based alloy containing up to 18% tin with small amount of

phosphorus, zinc or lead. It is used in spring and instrument part,
good elastic properties and also used in bearing and bushes.
Titanium

 Titanium
and its alloys are used widely in the aerospace industry
because of its …………
•                  *High
strength
•        Light weight
•       Temperature resistance
•        Corrosion resistance

Hence, it is useful in the cooler section of gas turbines, engines, and for
skin parts of aircraft which may be subjected to elevated temperatures
damaging to aluminium alloys.
 
Titanium can be sheared, drawn, pressed, machined and sawed.
 
At high temperatures, titanium has high affinity for
Precaution : oxygen and nitrogen.

Prepared By: M.Azlan Shafie

 Properties of Magnesium
Alloys

Magnesium alloys are the lightest of the structural metal available

It has excellent strength/ weight ratios.

The greater proportion of magnesium alloy products have been castings.

It is used extensively in aircraft construction in such applications as :

~ wheels
~ brake pedals
~ control columns
~ bell cranks
~ instrument panels

Prepared By: M.Azlan Shafie

 Testing of Non-Ferrous Material

Hardness Fatigue Strength

Tensile Strength Impact Resistance

Objectives: -

At the end of this lesson, the student will be able to: -

1. List the methods of hardness test and how they are performed.
2. Identify the various methods of hardness test.

Prepared By: M.Azlan Shafie

Testing of Non-Ferrous Material Hardness

 Hardness Test of a material is carried out for the purpose of

obtaining the material's hardness and also its strength.

 There are 3 methods of hardness test, namely: -

i. Brinell Hardness Test

ii. Rockwell Hardness Test

iii. Vickers Hardness Test

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 Brinell Hardness Test

In this method, a hardness steel ball is pressed into

the surface of the tested material at a specified
load for specified period of time.

The result taken is the measurement of ball

indentation diameter, so determining the
hardness of the material.

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Brinell Hardness Test

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 Rockwell Hardness Test

This method is very similar to Brinell Hardness Test

and a diamond cone is used as the penetrator.

Result from the depth of penetration of the

diamond cone to the surface of the material
will determine the hardness of the material.

Prepared By: M.Azlan Shafie

Rockwell Hardness Test

Rockwell Scale Hardness Tester

Indentation

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 Vickers Hardness Test

This test is similar to Rockwell Test

except the penetrator is a square-
based diamond pyramid shaped.

• The penetrator is forced onto the

materials surface and measurement
is taken on the cross-section of the
square impression to determine the
hardness of the material.
 

Prepared By: M.Azlan Shafie

 Vickers Hardness Test

Figure 1
Schematic principles of operation of
Vickers hardness machine

Figure 2
Vickers hardness test

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 Tensile Test

The tensile strength of a material is tested by:

 Clamping the material with specific dimension and thickness into the jaws
of a tensile test machine and;

 Applied load gradually to pull the material apart until it breaks.

The amount of load, which causes the material to break, is indicated on the testing
machine. This will determine the tensile load of the material.
 

Prepared By: M.Azlan Shafie

 Fatigue Test

Fatigue test is normally required on parts, which are subjected to;

rapid movement
vibrations
and load changes,
which may occur billions of times.

Fatigue life is the number of cycles a material can withstand at a specified

stress without failure.

Prepared By: M.Azlan Shafie

 Impact Test

This test is conducted to measure the toughness of a material under

shock loads.

A pendulum strikes a sharp blow on a specimen, bending or breaking it.

The impact strength is computed from the weight of the pendulum and the
different between the rise of a free-swinging pendulum and the rise of a
pendulum that has struck a specimen.

The specimen is notched with specific dimension so as to give a clean break

during the test.

This test is most useful for comparing materials of similar strength and for
evaluating the effects of heat treatment, processing variables or templates
on the same type of material.

Prepared By: M.Azlan Shafie

 Impact Test

Prepared By: M.Azlan Shafie