EF 1 - 1 - Topic 1 To 4 - June 2018

UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
STUDENT’S NOTES
SUBJECT :
ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTAL 1
Subject Code ELE 1042

Revision : Page No :1
Original Date : 15/01/07
TABLE OF CONTENT
Page
ELECTRON THEORY 04
STATIC ELECTIRCITY & CONDUCTION 20

ELECTRICAL TERMINOLOGY 37
RESISTANCE / RESISTOR 72
CAPACITANCE 87
GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY 129
INDUCTANCE / INDUCTOR 140

MAGNETISM 164
DC SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY 195

DC CIRCUITS 252

TABLE OF CONTENT
Page
POWER 276
ELECTRICAL TEST EQUIPMENT 288
CABLES AND CONNECTORS 334
REFERENCES 403

1. Electron Theory
WHAT IS MATTER ?
 Comprised of Molecules and Atoms
 Has weight (mass), occupies space and
attracts other matter with gravity.
 Can exist in solid, liquid and gas
 Made up of ELEMENT and COMPOUND

1. Electron Theory (cont’d)
Matter can exists in three forms:

 Solid – rigid and have definite shape and
volume
 Liquid – Have no particular shape but have
volume
 Gas – no fixed shape or volume, can be
compressed to form liquid


DEFINITION:
 Element - a substance contains only one type of

Atom
 Atom - smallest particle of an Element
 Compound - a substance contains two or more
different kind of Atoms or Element
 Molecule - can consists of more than one different
type of element


MATTER
ELEMENT COMPOUND
A A A A A A
Atom of the same kind Atom of difference kind
ATOM
H2O
smallest particle THE STRUCTURE
which can exist MOLECULE OF MATTER
A molecule may consists of atoms

i)of one element only or
ii)more than one element
Compound is formed when atoms

i)of at least two different elements combine.
For example N2 is a molecule but not a compound and

H2O is a molecule as well as a compound. So all
compounds are molecules, but not all molecules are
compounds



Helium
Hydrogen
1. Atoms in a particular element are the same as each other, and they
are different from the atoms of all other elements.
2. Atoms of some elements do not join together, but instead they stay
as separate atoms. Ex - Helium
3. Atoms of other elements join together to make molecules.
Ex - hydrogen and oxygen,



Helium
Hydrogen



Helium
Hydrogen



Helium
Hydrogen



WHAT IS IN AN ATOM?
 Size of an atom – 10-8cm
 Electron – rotating around a
track called ORBIT or
SHELL (K,L,M,N,O,P, Q –
determine by Physical Law)
 Nucleus – fixed central
dense region, with proton
(positive charge) and
neutron (no charge).

2n2 exclusion rule

M shell = 3 ; 2 X 32 = 18 electrons
N shell = 4 ; 2 X 42 = 32 electrons
The maximum number of electrons in shell


e
e
Electrone– orbiting nucleus
with negative
e charge
N N P
P P N
Proton P– particle in a
e P
nucleus with
N
positive charge
NeutronN– non-charged
e particle in the
e
Nucleus nucleus


 Electrons travel at the speed of light and is
indicated by Solid Line.
 186,000 miles/second or 299,000 km/sec
 Maximum number of electrons orbiting on
the outermost shell are 8 electrons as
determined by the Law of Quantum
Mechanic.


 Valence electrons are electrons that orbit on
the outermost shell of an atom.
 The chemical characteristics or charge of an
atom is based on the numbers of electrons
and protons.
 Positive charge – more protons
 Negative charge – more electrons


 The physical property of an atom depends
on the number of protons and neutrons in
an atom.
 An atom would be heavy when it has more
protons and neutrons



WHAT IS IONS?
 Is a ‘charged atom’
 The atom will be electrically charged in the
results from unbalanced electrostatic
condition.

IONIZATION
 Indicates the state of charge of an atom i.e. positive

charge or negative charge based on adding or
subtracting a valence or free electrons.
 Free electron – a valence electron that has broken

away from its parent atom & is free to move from atom
to atom within the atomic structure of a material


Ionization of an Atom


CONDUCTORS
 an atomic structure that easily permits

movement of electrons
 The outer shell has fewer than 5 electrons
or 1 to 3 valence electrons
 Excellent example of conductors are:
- silver - copper
- gold - aluminum

INSULATORS
 Material which opposes the movement of

electron
 Have between 5 to 8 valence electrons
 Examples are:
- plastic - rubber
- glass - ceramic
- air best insulators: neon /
helium

SEMICONDUCTOR
 Very high resistance to current flow in their

pure state
 Offers very low resistance to current flow
when electrons are added or removed
 Consists of 4 valence electrons
 Examples: - silicon
- germanium
END OF TOPIC 1
ELECTRON THEORY

Mini Quiz to check your understanding

Is CO2 matter?
(A) No, because it is a gas

(B) People aren't sure, because you can't see it
(C) Yes, because molecules are matter
Is any matter not affected by the Earth's gravity?
(A) Yes, Helium balloons float away from the Earth

(B) Being affected by gravity is a property of matter
(C) The Earth is not affected by its gravity

2. Static Electricity & Conduction

STATIC ELECTRICITY
 Electric charges that are at rest - STATIC

 Is called ELECTROSTATIC
What cause Electrostatic?

2. Static Electricity & Conduction (cont’d)

Cause of Electrostatic
 Static electricity is caused when
friction causes electrical charges
to build up on a surface of a non-
conduction material.
 Usually caused when certain
materials are rubbed against
each other (like wool on plastic
or the soles of your shoes on the
carpet)

 This process causes electrons to be pulled
from the surface of one material and
relocated on the surface of the other
material.
 Opposite charges – attract
 Same charges - repel.

 Excess of electrons - negatively charged

body
 Deficiency of electrons - positively charged
body.


 This excess or deficiency of electrons can
be used by friction between two dissimilar
substances.
How do sparks occurs?


SPARK
 A spark is a stream of electrons jumping
across an air gap, heating the air until it
glows and expands.
 Certain conditions can cause enough static
electricity buildup to cause a spark or
lightning.
 A spark often requires both a conductor and
non-conductor.
 Sparks are an extreme case of electrons

being attracted to an object that has a
positive charge.

 Lightning is just a big spark. Friction of the air moving up

and down inside the clouds causes the water droplets in the
clouds to become charged, and when enough electrons are
concentrated in a cloud, the electrical pressure they produce
forces them to flow through the air.
 These electrons jump between clouds having different

charges or from a cloud to ground.
 When oppositely charged objects touch, the extra electrons

travel from the negative object to the one with the positive
charge. They become discharged, or electrically neutral.
 When we slide across the plastic seat covers of an automobile,

the friction between our clothing and the seat cover causes our
clothes to pick up an excess of electrons from the seat.
 If there is no conductor between our body and the car seat to

make a path for these electrons to leak off, our body will hold the
extra electrons. Our body is said to be charged because there is
an electrically unbalanced condition between it and the car. But
as soon as we touch or even come close to a bare part of a the
car, the extra electrons leave us and jump to the metal in the
form of spark.
 It is giving us mild shock when we touch the metal part of our car.

The polarity and

strength of the
charges produced
differ according to
the materials,
surface roughness,
temperature, strain,
and other properties
Rubbing glass with fur,

or a plastic comb
through the hair, glass
rubbed with silk, hard
rubber rubbed with fur
- can build up
triboelectricity


The accumulation and holding of electrical charges

is called Static Electricity


Electrostatic Force
 The force that created between two

charged bodies
 Either attractive or repulsive, depend on
the object’s charge.

Strength of an electrostatic field depends on,
 Strength of the charge on those two bodies

– directly proportional
 Distance between the two charged bodies.
What we call this Law?

Electrostatic Distance Quantity of

Force between the two Charge
charged substances
Distance
Electrostatic between the two Quantity of
Force charged substances Charge

Coulomb’s Law
“The magnitude or strength of the electrostatic

force between two point charges is directly
proportional to the magnitudes of each charge
and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between the charges.”


In equation form,
k (Q1) (Q2)
F (Force) = --------------
d2
where,
Q1 - quantity of charge on object 1 (in Coulombs),
Q2 - quantity of charge on object 2 (in Coulombs),
d - distance between the centers of charge of separation
between the two objects/charges (in meters).
k - Coulomb's law constant
(e.g. for air is approx. 9.0 x 109 N • m2 / C2 )
Distance between two Force of attraction

objects with dissimilar is reduced to 1/4 its
charges is doubled original value
Distance between two Force of attraction

electrical charged is increases by a
objects is cut in half or factor of 4.
doubled the charged object

f = _1_
d2

Discussion:
 How does electrostatic generate on the

aircraft?
 Give example of this effect on the aircraft
 How to overcome this effect?

Aircraft Static Discharge Wicks

Provide points from which static charges are dissipated into the air before a
high potential builds on the trailing edge of control surfaces

 It is possible on a dry day. Taking a few steps on nylon

carpet can build up more than 10,000 volts of static
electricity on our body.
 Can destroy delicate electronic circuit devices , technicians

should wear a grounded wrist to bleed off any static charge
from their bodies before handling this type of equipment.
 Static wicks – can also prevent static interference in the

radio equipment

Bonding jumper / strap

- Is to provide a low
resistance between a
control surface and
the aircraft structure


Bonding
Tester

When Refueling Aircraft :
Aircraft must be electrically grounded

before they are fueled. Ground reel
connect the aircraft and the fueling truck or
pit together, and both of them are
connected to the earth ground so that the
static charges that build up during fueling
can pass harmlessly to the ground

The procedure of allowing electrical components to be

connected to the aircraft structure for a return path to the
battery to complete a closed circuit is commonly referred to
as :

GROUNDING


Conduction of electricity
 Movement of electrically charged particles

through a transmission medium. The
medium can be either,
- Solids
- Liquids
- Gasses
- Vacuum

1. What happens to an atom if something pulls an electron from it?
(A) It explodes
(B) The atom has a positive (+) charge
(C) The atom has a negative (-) charge
2. Which of the following will usually create static electricity?

(A) Rub a wet rag on a plastic comb
(B) Rub a coin with a plastic comb
(C) Rub a plastic comb with some rabbit fur
3. What can cause electrons to jump across a gap and cause a spark?
(A) The force from a large positive charge
(B) Lightning
(C) Heat

END OF TOPIC 2
STATIC ELECTRICITY &
CONDUCTION

4. Electrical Terminology
Potential Difference
 Difference in the electrical potential of two
points, being equal to the electrical energy
converted by a unit electric charge moving
from one point to the other.
 The SI unit is the Volts (V).
 Commonly referred to as voltage
(measured with a voltmeter).

4. Electrical Terminology (cont’d)

Electromotive Force (EMF)
 An electrical force causes electrons to flow
in an electrical circuit.
 Measured in Volts (V).
 A number of terms used to express
electrical force is voltage, voltage drop,
potential, potential difference and IR
(current and resistance) drop.


Voltage
 Also called electromotive force or potential
difference.
 Voltage is produced by the power source
e.g. battery, generator, solar cell, etc.
 It is also measured in Volts (V) and
represent by letter “E” or “V”.


Main factor affecting Potential Difference or
EMF or Voltage is,
 Power source.
e.g.
Generator – can maintain its electrical
force or voltage,
Battery – electrical force or voltage
will be degraded
Analogy of Potential Difference

Current
 Flow of electrons forced into motion by voltage in

the electrical circuit.
 It is measured in amperes (Amps).
 Represented by the letter “I”.
 One ampere of current flow is one coulomb
second which is one coulomb of electrons flow
passed a point in one second.
 1 Coulomb = 6.24 x 1018 electrons


Factors affecting current are:
 Size or the cross sectional area of the

conductor/wire
 Power source
CONDUCTOR
 Resistance in the circuit.
CROSS SECTIONAL AREA


Two types of current flow,
 Conventional Current Flow:

Current flow from high potential ( + ) to low
potential ( - ) or positive terminal to
negative terminal.
LP HP HP – High Potential
- + LP – Low Potential


 Electron Flow:
Current flow from a region (area) of more
electrons to a region of less electrons or from
negative (-) to positive (+) terminal.
ME LE
LE – Less Electron
- + ME – More Electron

What is the effect of current?

When a current flow through a conductor it

causes the following effect,
Heating effect – toaster, rice cooker etc

Light effect – lamp
Magnetic effect – generator, motor etc
Chemical effect – refreshing chemical in
battery
Heating Effect

Light Effect
Magnetic Effect
Chemical Effect


Three types of current:
 Direct current (DC)

- movement of electrons in
CURRENT
one direction in a conductor.
0
TIME
- the amplitude of voltage and
current remain steady often
referred as ‘pure DC’


 Pulsating DC
- a current in one direction that
CURRENT
Peak Value
varies in intensity at a regular
interval of time.
0
TIME
- either current or voltage vary

from zero reference level to
maximum or peak value
 Alternating Current (AC)
- a current flow through a
CURRENT
load in one direction and
then reverses with
0
continually changes its TIME
value and periodically



Resistance
 A property of materials that oppose or
restrict the movement of electrons or
reduce the current flow.
 It is measured in Ohms with a symbol Ω
 Represented by the letter “R”.

Factors affecting resistance are,
 Material
- e.g. mica, glass, carbon, copper, aluminum
- All materials have some resistance since different
d
materials will have different quantities of free
electrons.


 Cross-sectional Area of Wire
- bigger cross-sectional, less resistance
- smaller cross-sectional area, high resistance
- cross-sectional area doubled, resistance reduce to
half
 Length of Wire
- increase wire length, increase resistance
- decrease wire length, decrease resistance
- length of conductor double, resistance also double

 Temperature
- In some materials an increase in temperature
causes an increase in resistance, whereas in
others, an increase in temperature causes a
decrease in resistance.
The amount of change of resistance per unit

change in temperature is known as the
Temperature Coefficient.


 Positive temperature coefficient
- increase in temperature, increase in resistance
- decrease in temperature, decrease in resistance
 Negative temperature coefficient

- increase in temperature, decrease in resistance
- decrease in temperature, increase in resistance
 Zero temperature coefficient

- increase or decrease temperature, no change in
resistance.
Ex; A piece of copper conductor that has a length of 2 feet and ½ inches
diameter, has a resistance of 10 ohms. What is the resistance value if
the length is double and cross sectional area also double? (consider
same material)
2 feet
½ R = 10 ohms
Copper conductor
inch
4 feet
1 Copper conductor
inch
R=?
Length double, resistance also double – 10 ohms increase to 20 ohms
Cross sectional area double, resistance half – 20 ohms decrease to 10 ohms
The resistance remain unchanged i.e. 10 ohms

Conductance
 A term that opposites of resistance and has the

ability of a material to pass electrons/ to allow
current.
 The factors that affect the magnitude of
conductance are the opposite manner of
resistance.
 The unit of conductance is the MHO (G), which is
ohm spelled backwards, now redesignated as
SIEMENS (S).

Electric charge
 A fundamental conserved property of some
subatomic particles, which determines their
electromagnetic interactions.
 The SI unit for electric charge is the

Coulomb.
 The symbol ‘Q’ is often used to denote a

electric charge.
Generation of
Electricity

3. Generation of Electricity
The purpose to generate electricity;

 Provides electrical pressure or force in order to
drive the electrons along the conductor or wire
in the circuit.
 Creates a potential different between two
points or terminal so that the electrical current
can flow.

3. Generation Of Electricity (cont’d)

There are 7 types of power sources:
 Light (DC)
 Heat (DC)
 Friction
 Pressure (AC)
 Chemical (DC)
 Magnetism (AC)
 Motion (AC)

 Light
- produces a voltage when light strike on
a photosensitive / photoemissive
material such as zinc/selenium.
- when zinc/selenium expose to ultraviolet
light, it produces a voltage known as
photoelectric effect.
- application in spacecraft, satellite use
sun as electric power.

Photoelectric Effect
Photoelectric Effect
9. DC Sources of Electricity (cont’d)

 Photocells
 Act as light sensors.

 Photocell acts like a light sensitive resistor with a high
resistance when dark and a low resistance when in the
light.
 When light strikes certain photoemissive materials such
as selenium, light energy is absorbed, then the electrons
are discharged.
 These electrons can be channeled through conductor to
an electrical circuit

 Heat
- when two dissimilar metals such as copper/ zinc,
iron/ constantan, alumel/ chromel heated up, it will
produce voltage known as thermoelectric effect.
- combination of two dissimilar metal called
thermocouple.
- current flow depends on temperature
between the two junction.
- application on aircraft instrumentation
is used in EGT and CHT sensor.
Thermoelectric Effect
 Thermocouple
 Thermoelectric temperature sensor which consists of two

dissimilar metallic wires, coupled at the probe tip
(measurement junction) and extended to the reference
(known temperature) junction.
 The temperature difference between the probe tip and the
reference junction is detected by measuring the change in
voltage (electromotive force, EMF) at the reference junction.
 The absolute temperature reading can then be

obtained by combining the information of the
known reference temperature and the difference
of temperature between probe tip and the
reference. COLD JUNCTION
HOT JUNCTION


 Metal pairs most commonly used are Chromel / Alumel
and Iron / Constantan.
 This principal is used for aircraft Cylinder Head

Temperature (CHT) and Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT)
Instrumentation.

 Friction
- friction between two dissimilar materials together

produces static electricity.
- not useful form of power for aircraft application.



 Pressure
- electricity created by applying pressure to certain
types of crystal like quartz will cause their molecular
structure distorted and electrons may be emitted
into a conductor and this process
known as piezoelectric effect.
- application in microphone
which is converting sound
wave into electric power.

Revision :
Page No :102 Date : 15/01/07
Original

A piezoelectric disk generates a voltage when deformed

(change in shape is greatly exaggerated)
Phonograph player/
Gramophone
A piece of crystal produces electricity

when it is twisted or bent by the needle
riding on the grooves of the phonograph
player
In a microphone, we need to convert sound energy (waves of pressure traveling through the
air) into electrical energy—and that's something piezoelectric crystals can help us with. Simply
stick the vibrating part of the microphone to a crystal and, as pressure waves from your voice
arrive, they'll make the crystal move back and forth, generating corresponding electrical signals.
The "needle" in a gramophone (sometimes called a record player) works in the opposite way. As
the diamond-tipped needle rides along the spiral groove in your LP, it bumps up and down.
These vibrations push and pull on a lightweight piezoelectric crystal, producing electrical signals
that your stereo then converts back into audible sounds.

Record- player stylus (photographed from underneath):
If you're still playing LP records, you'll use a stylus like this to convert
the mechanical bumps on the record into sounds you can hear.
The stylus (silver horizontal bar) contains a tiny diamond crystal
(the little dot on the end at the right) that bounces up and down
in the record groove. The vibrations distort a piezoelectric crystal
inside the yellow cartridge that produces electrical signals, which
are amplified to make the sounds you can hear

In a microphone, sound waves (sound-pressure variations in the air) are converted into
corresponding variations in electric current in two operations that take place almost simultaneously.
In the first, the sound wave impinges on a slightly

flexible surface (diaphragm), causing it to move to and
fro in a manner corresponding to the movement of the
air particles. In the second, the diaphragm by its
motion causes a corresponding change in some
property of an electric circuit.
Depending on the type of microphone, displacement of

the diaphragm may cause variations in the resistance of
a carbon contact (carbon microphone), in electrostatic
capacitance (condenser microphone), in the motion of a
coil (dynamic microphone) or conductor (ribbon
microphone) in a magnetic field, or in the twisting or
bending of a piezoelectric crystal (crystal microphone)
In each case, motion of the diaphragm produces a variation in the electric output. By proper
design, a microphone may be given directional characteristics so that it will pick up sound primarily
from a single direction (unidirectional), from two directions (bidirectional), or more or less
uniformly from all directions (omnidirectional).

 Chemical
- two different plate carbon rods and zinc immersed
in a chemical and reaction take place thus produces
voltage known as battery.
- application on aircraft is
battery for engine
starting and emergency.

Battery Cell

 Magnetism
- voltage is produced by moving a conductor through

a magnetic field and this process known as
electromagnetic induction.
- application on aircraft is
generator which provides
majority of all electric power.

Electromagnetic Induction

 Motion
- wind is a simple air in motion to produce electricity.
The motion of wind is collected by converting the
rotation of turbine blades into
electrical current by means
of an electrical generator
(the magnetism principle is used).
- application on aircraft is a Ram
Air Turbine Generator in aircraft
mainly for standby power if
all power inclusive battery failed.

END OF TOPIC 3
GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY


1. What happens when you speed up an electric generator?
(A) The current increases
(B) It becomes an electric motor
(C) It goes from AC to DC
2. What effect if a photosensitive material expose to ultraviolet light and

produces a voltage?
(A) Photography effect
(B) Photoelectric effect
(C) Photosynthesis effect
3. What material the EGT or CHT sensor usually made of?

(A) silver / aluminum
(B) alumel /chromel
(C) zinc / iron
CIRCUIT
PROTECTION &
CONTROL


Fuse
 Used to protect the circuit or wiring from
overheating and burn off the insulation.
 Made of low melting point alloy enclosed in
a glass tube and made of lead, lead and tin
and tin and bismuth.
 When current flow becomes excessive, the
metal alloy melts and open the circuit.

 The fuse wire has a very low resistance

and connected in series with the load.
 Replace fuse only when the defect has

been rectified and with a correct rating.
 Fast blow fuse for general purpose use.

 Slow blow fuse is used in power surge area

and accept a momentary surge by a spring
also known as current limiter. There is a
short delay before the metal link melts. The
metal link is made of copper which has high
melting point.
 Fuses are NOT resettable and is rated

based on Maximum current rating.
High Rupture Capacity
Fuse symbols
A fuse rating is
the current need
to blow (break)
the fuse.
Fuses come in
standard ratings of
examples 3 A, 5 A,
13 A etc.


Circuit Breaker
 To isolate the electrical circuit if excess
current flow.
 An improve of the fuse and is resettable.
 Abbreviation used is CB

Circuit Breaker Pop Out Circuit Breaker Panel

 The type of CB used on the aircraft is of the Trip

Free Type and classified as;
- Toggle
- Push to Reset
- Push Pull type


Trip Free Type  Operating handle of trip-free
circuit will NOT close the contacts if a fault exists
The Push Pull type is widely used in the aircraft

because it can behave as a switch.
CB is rated based on the maximum current

rating.

Circuit Breaker
 Operation based on;

- heating effect (use bimetallic strip)
- magnetic effect.

CB - Heating Effect

CB - Magnetic Effect Closed Circuit

Revision :
- when short circuit or

excessive current, an
electromagnet strong
enough to pull (energise)
the contact open
- the circuit now becomes
open circuit
- to restore the circuit is
by resetting the circuit
breaker with a reset
button
Magnetic Effect – Open Circuit

Revision :
Resulting to Open circuit

Revision :
Automatic reset
type CB is NOT
permitted for
aircraft use.
After a short cooling time,

the disc automatically
closes and re–establishes
the circuit.

Circuit Breaker In - Contact closed Circuit Breaker Pop Out – Contact Open
Push Pull Type

Push To Reset
CIRCUIT BREAKER (Cont.)

 Toggle
 Use as control switch and circuit
breaker.
 Toggle up when the circuit is closed.
 Pop partially down (center position)
when overloaded.
 Restore circuit by moving toggle switch
all the way down and then toggle up

Revision :

Switch
 A device for closing or opening (making or
breaking) an electrical circuit.
 Consists of one or more pairs of contacts

made of metal alloy


 Can be manually operated, electrically operated
and electronically operated.
- Manual switch  a lever or a push button

- Electrically switch  relays or solenoids
- Electronically switch  transistors.


 Type of aircraft switches (Manual)
- Toggle switch
- Rocker switch
- Rotary or wafer switch
- many input and provide one output
- Precision switch or micro switch
- Guarded switch
- spring loaded to ‘OFF’ position
Rocker Switch
Toggle Switch
Rotary Switch
Push Button Switch
Precision Switch
Guarded
Switch

Electrical Switches  Relays & Solenoids

 Relays
 Categorized by either normally
opened (N/O) or closed (N/C).
 Has a fixed soft-iron core around
which an electromagnetic coil
is wound.
 Depending on the category, the
movable contacts are closed or
opened by the magnetic pull
exerted by the core when the coil is
energized or de-energized.
Revision :
 Solenoids
 A movable core that is pulled into
the center of an
electromagnetic coil when
the coil is energized.
 Respond quicker and stronger
than relays.
 Typically used for high current
application such as starter
contactors.
 Both relay and solenoid are called
Contactors.
Revision :
Relay



 Switch can be configured in
- Single pole single throw (SPST)

- used to open or close a single circuit.
- Single pole double throw (SPDT)

- used to control more than one circuit.

- Double pole single throw (DPST)

- generally used to control both battery and
generator.
- Double pole double throw (DPDT)

- control two circuits has either two or three
position


 Contact of switches are configured in
- Normally Open (N/O)
- normally used as monitoring.
- Normally Close (N/C)
- normally used as failure indication
 Switches rated as current and

voltage.
(B)
(C)
(A)


END OF TOPIC 4
ELECTRICAL TERMINOLOGIES


1. What factors affecting resistance?
(A) Material only
(B) Area and temperature
(C) Length, material, area and temperature.
2. Which one of the circuit protecting device can be reset?

(A) Fuses
(B) Circuit Breaker
(C) Contactor/Relay
3. Which direction of current flow in Conventional Current Flow?

(A) From positive terminal to negative terminal
(B) From negative terminal to positive terminal
(C) From negative to positive then to negative terminals


EF 1 - 1 - Topic 1 To 4 - June 2018

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UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Subject Code ELE 1042

STATIC ELECTIRCITY & CONDUCTION 20

INDUCTANCE / INDUCTOR 140

DC SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY 195

Subject Code ELE 1042

Subject Code ELE 1042

Subject Code ELE 1042

1. Electron Theory (cont’d)

Matter can exists in three forms:

Subject Code ELE 1042

1. Electron Theory (cont’d)

 Element - a substance contains only one type of

Subject Code ELE 1042

1. Electron Theory (cont’d)

A molecule may consists of atoms

Compound is formed when atoms

For example N2 is a molecule but not a compound and

Subject Code ELE 1042

Subject Code ELE 1042

Subject Code ELE 1042

Subject Code ELE 1042

Subject Code ELE 1042

Subject Code ELE 1042

1. Electron Theory (cont’d)

Subject Code ELE 1042

2n2 exclusion rule

The maximum number of electrons in shell

Subject Code ELE 1042

1. Electron Theory (cont’d)

Subject Code ELE 1042

1. Electron Theory (cont’d)

Subject Code ELE 1042

1. Electron Theory (cont’d)

Subject Code ELE 1042

1. Electron Theory (cont’d)

Subject Code ELE 1042

Subject Code ELE 1042

Subject Code ELE 1042

1. Electron Theory (cont’d)

Subject Code ELE 1042

 Indicates the state of charge of an atom i.e. positive

 Free electron – a valence electron that has broken

Subject Code ELE 1042

Subject Code ELE 1042

Subject Code ELE 1042

1. Electron Theory (cont’d)

 an atomic structure that easily permits

1. Electron Theory (cont’d)

 Material which opposes the movement of

1. Electron Theory (cont’d)

 Very high resistance to current flow in their

Subject Code ELE 1042

Mini Quiz to check your understanding

(A) No, because it is a gas

Is any matter not affected by the Earth's gravity?

(A) Yes, Helium balloons float away from the Earth

Subject Code ELE 1042

2. Static Electricity & Conduction

 Electric charges that are at rest - STATIC

What cause Electrostatic?

Subject Code ELE 1042