Introduction

It is the job of the turbocharger to compress more air flowing into the
engine’s cylinder. When air is compressed the oxygen molecules are
packed closer together. This increase in air means that more fuel can
be added for the same size naturally aspirated engine. This then
generates increased mechanical power and overall efficiency
improvement of the combustion process. Therefore, the engine size
can be reduced for a turbocharged engine leading to better
packaging, weight saving benefits and overall improved fuel
economy.
Construction of Turbocharger
Turbocharger consists of following components:

1. The turbine wheel

2. The turbine housing
3. Exhaust gas
4. Exhaust outlet area
5. The compressor wheel
6. The compressor housing
7. Forged steel shaft
8. Compressed air
Working of Turbocharger
• Cool air enters the engine's air intake and heads toward the
compressor.
• The compressor fan helps to suck air in.
• The compressor squeezes and heats up the incoming air and blows it
out again.
• Hot, compressed air from the compressor passes through the heat
exchanger, which cools it down.
• Cooled, compressed air enters the cylinder's air intake. The extra
oxygen helps to burn fuel in the cylinder at a faster rate.
• Since the cylinder burns more fuel, it produces energy more quickly
and can send more power to the wheels via the piston, shafts, and
gears.
• Waste gas from the cylinder exits through the exhaust outlet.
• The hot exhaust gases blowing past the turbine fan make it rotate at
high speed.
• The spinning turbine is mounted on the same shaft as the compressor.
So, as the turbine spins, the compressor spins too.
• The exhaust gas leaves the car, wasting less energy than it would
otherwise.
Types of Turbocharger
1. Single Turbocharger: A single turbocharger is the most common type of
turbocharged setup.  It features a single turbine and compressor set.
2. Twin-Turbocharged: Adding a second turbocharger increases the amount of air
that can be forced into the engine to create more robust power and torque. An example
of this would be a McLaren 570S. 
3. Quad-Turbocharged: The Bugatti Chiron is the only production car that uses a
quad-turbocharged setup. Bugatti mates two large turbos and two small turbos to an
8.0-liter W16 engine to produce a total of 1,500 horsepower.
4. Compound Charged: A compound charged system is when a turbocharger is
paired with a supercharger. An example of this would be Volvo’s compound charged
four-cylinder which is used in the T6-grade cars and SUVs. 
5. E-Turbocharger: An e-turbocharger adds electric motor to turbocharger
order to eliminate turbo lag. The electric motor can spin the compressor before
the exhaust gases can, thus eliminating the time between no boost and boost.
6. Hot-V Turbocharger: A “Hot-V” setup also separates the turbine and
compressor and puts them on opposite sides of the engine. This reduces heat
build-up in the then-charged air and significantly reduces the intercoolers’ cooling
load. Mercedes-Benz was the first automaker to put the “Hot-V” setup into
production.
Advantages of turbocharger
It can be added to gasoline or diesel engines
It can be added to any kind of vehicles
It produces more power output for same size of engine
It produces more energy output per second
It gives better fuel economy
It produces same amount of power with smaller and
lighter engine than naturally aspirated engine
Due to complete combustion of fuel it produces less
polluting gases.
Disadvantages of turbocharger
It requires time to build the boost than it needed, this is also called
as turbolag.
Due to exhaust gases high temperatures generates at turbine
section.
Due to compression of intake air, air temperature increases which
can leads into self ignition and detonation.
Turbocharged engines are more expensive.
Extra component is required to maintain intake air temperature
like intercooler.
It adds another level of complexity to an engine.
It can develop backpressure for an engine.
At lower speeds it produces insignificant boost.
Remedies for Turbolag
Lowering the rotational inertia of the turbocharger by using lower radius
parts and ceramic and other lighter materials
Changing the turbine's aspect ratio
Reducing bearing frictional losses, e.g., using a foil bearing rather than a
conventional oil bearing
Using variable-nozzle or twin-scroll turbochargers
Decreasing the volume of the upper-deck piping
Using multiple turbochargers sequentially or in parallel
Using an antilag system
Using a turbocharger spool valve to increase exhaust gas flow speed to the
(twin-scroll) turbine
Using a butterfly valve to force exhaust gas through a smaller passage in
the turbo inlet
E-Turbo Technology
• An E-turbo is a turbocharger that is propelled by both
exhaust gas, like a traditional turbo, and electric power
to spin the turbines and create positive air pressure
(boost).
• The E-Turbo will allow drivers to have the same amount
or torque available through the whole rpm range. E-
Turbos also have the advantage of using the cars wasted
exhaust gas energy and converting it back into
electrical energy to be used later on.
• It is still unclear how this will exactly be done. Garret,
the company devolving this E-turbo technology has
released little information to the public about it.
However it can be assumed that the motors inside the
turbo will act as generators when they are not needed
to spin the turbines.
Applications
Petrol-powered cars
Diesel-powered cars
Motorcycles
Trucks
Aircraft
Marine and land-based diesel engines
References
1. Nice, Karim (4 December 2000). "How Turbochargers
Work". Auto.howstuffworks.com. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
2.  "Turbocharger History". www.cummins.ru. Retrieved 20
September 2019.
3. What is a turbocharger and how does it work?, blog/ sep
2nd, 2016, www.eagleridgegm.com