PowerPoint® Lecture

Presentations prepared by
Mindy Miller-Kittrell,
North Carolina State
University

CHAPTER 5
Microbial
Metabolism

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 Basic Chemical Reactions Underlying
Metabolism

• Metabolism
• Collection of controlled biochemical reactions that take
place within a microbe
• Ultimate function of metabolism is to reproduce the
organism

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 Basic Chemical Reactions Underlying
Metabolism

• Metabolic Processes Guided by Eight Elementary

Statements
• Every cell acquires nutrients.
• Metabolism requires energy from light or catabolism of
nutrients.
• Energy is stored in adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
• Cells catabolize nutrients to form precursor metabolites.
• Precursor metabolites, energy from ATP, and enzymes are
used in anabolic reactions.
• Enzymes plus ATP form macromolecules.
• Cells grow by assembling macromolecules.
• Cells reproduce once they have doubled in size.

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 Basic Chemical Reactions Underlying
Metabolism

• Catabolism and Anabolism

• Two major classes of metabolic reactions
• Catabolic pathways
• Break larger molecules into smaller products
• Exergonic (release energy)
• Anabolic pathways
• Synthesize large molecules from the smaller products of
catabolism
• Endergonic (require more energy than they release)

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 Figure 5.1 Metabolism is composed of catabolic and anabolic reactions.

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 Basic Chemical Reactions Underlying
Metabolism

• ATP Production and Energy Storage

• Organisms release energy from nutrients.
• Can be concentrated and stored in high-energy phosphate
bonds (ATP)
• Phosphorylation—inorganic phosphate is added to
substrate.
• Cells phosphorylate adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to ATP
• Anabolic pathways use some energy of ATP by breaking a
phosphate bond.

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 Basic Chemical Reactions Underlying
Metabolism

• The Roles of Enzymes in Metabolism

• Enzymes are organic catalysts.
• Increase likelihood of a reaction

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 Figure 5.5 Enzymes fitted to substrates.

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 Basic Chemical Reactions Underlying
Metabolism

• The Roles of Enzymes in Metabolism

• The makeup of enzymes
• Many protein enzymes are complete in themselves.
• Apoenzymes are inactive if not bound to nonprotein
cofactors (inorganic ions or coenzymes).
• Binding of apoenzyme and its cofactor(s) yields
holoenzyme.
• Some are RNA molecules called ribozymes.

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 Figure 5.3 Makeup of a protein holoenzyme.

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 Figure 5.4 The effect of enzymes on chemical reactions.

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 Figure 5.5 Enzymes fitted to substrates.

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 Figure 5.6 The process of enzymatic activity.

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 Basic Chemical Reactions Underlying
Metabolism

• The Roles of Enzymes in Metabolism

• Enzyme activity
• Many factors influence the rate of enzymatic reactions:
• Temperature
• pH
• Enzyme and substrate concentrations
• Presence of inhibitors

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 Figure 5.7a Representative effects of temperature, pH, and substrate
concentration on enzyme activity.

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 Figure 5.7b-c Representative effects of temperature, pH, and substrate
concentration on enzyme activity.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Basic Chemical Reactions Underlying
Metabolism

• The Roles of Enzymes in Metabolism

• Enzyme activity
• Control of enzymatic activity
• Activators
• Some enzymes are activated when a cofactor
binds to a site other than the active site.

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 Figure 5.9 Allosteric activation.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Basic Chemical Reactions Underlying
Metabolism

• The Roles of Enzymes in Metabolism

• Enzyme activity
• Control of enzymatic activity
• Inhibitors
• Substances that block an enzyme’s activity
• Include competitive and noncompetitive
inhibitors
• Feedback inhibition controls the action of some
enzymes.

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 Figure 5.10 Competitive inhibition of enzyme activity.

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 Figure 5.11 Noncompetitive inhibition at an allosteric site.

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 Figure 5.12 Feedback inhibition.

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 Carbohydrate Catabolism

• Many organisms oxidize carbohydrates as primary

energy source for anabolic reactions.
• Glucose is the most common carbohydrate used.
• Glucose is catabolized by two processes:
• Cellular respiration
• Fermentation

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 Figure 5.13 Summary of glucose catabolism.

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 Table 5.3 Summary of Ideal Prokaryotic Aerobic Respiration of One Molecule of
Glucose

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 Table 5.4 Comparison of Aerobic Respiration, Anaerobic Respiration, and
Fermentation

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 Figure 5.20 Representative fermentation products and the organisms that
produce them.

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 Photosynthesis

• Many organisms synthesize their own organic

molecules from inorganic carbon dioxide.
• Most of these organisms capture light energy
and use it to synthesize carbohydrates from CO2
and H2O by a process called photosynthesis.

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 Photosynthesis

• Chemicals and Structures

• Chlorophylls
• Important to organisms that capture light energy with
pigment molecules
• Composed of hydrocarbon tail attached to light-
absorbing active site centered on magnesium ion
• Active sites structurally similar to cytochrome
molecules in ETC
• Structural differences cause absorption at different
wavelengths.

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 Photosynthesis

• Chemicals and Structures

• Photosystems
• Arrangement of molecules of chlorophyll and other
pigments to form light-harvesting matrices
• Embedded in cellular membranes called thylakoids
• In prokaryotes—invagination of cytoplasmic membrane
• In eukaryotes—formed from inner membrane of
chloroplasts
• Arranged in stacks called grana
• Stroma is space between outer membrane of grana
and thylakoid membrane.

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 Figure 5.23 Photosynthetic structures in a prokaryote.

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 Photosynthesis

• Chemicals and Structures

• Two types of photosystems:
• Photosystem I (PS I)
• Photosystem II (PS II)
• Photosystems absorb light energy and store energy in the
form of ATP and NADPH.
• Light-dependent reactions depend on light energy.
• Light-independent reactions synthesize glucose from
carbon dioxide and water.

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 Photosynthesis

• Light-Dependent Reactions
• As electrons move down the chain, their energy is
used to pump protons across the membrane.
• Photophosphorylation uses proton motive force to
generate ATP.
• Photophosphorylation can be cyclic or noncyclic.

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 Figure 5.24 Reaction center of a photosystem.

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 Figure 5.25 The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis: cyclic and
noncyclic photophosphorylation.

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 Photosynthesis

• Light-Independent Reactions
• Do not require light directly
• Use ATP and NADPH generated by light-dependent
reactions
• Key reaction is carbon fixation by Calvin-Benson cycle
• Three steps:
1. Fixation of CO2
2. Reduction
3. Regeneration of RuBP

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 Figure 5.26 Simplified diagram of the Calvin-Benson cycle.

1. Fixation of CO2
2. Reduction
3. Regeneration of RuBP

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 Photosynthesis: Light-Independent Reaction
ANIMATION

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 Other Anabolic Pathways

• Anabolic reactions are synthesis reactions

requiring energy and a source of precursor
metabolites.
• Energy derived from ATP from catabolic
reactions
• Many anabolic pathways are the reverse of
catabolic pathways.
• Reactions that can proceed in either direction are
amphibolic.

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