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Chapter 5
Lecture Outline

© 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom.
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 5.1 The Flow of Energy in Living Things-1
Energy is the ability to do work.
Energy is considered to exist in two states.
• Kinetic energy—the energy of motion.
• Potential energy—stored energy that can be used for
motion.

All the work carried out by living organisms involves the

transformation of potential energy to kinetic energy.

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 Figure 5.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy

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 5.1 The Flow of Energy in Living Things-2
• There are many forms of energy, but all of them
can be converted to heat.
• Heat energy is the most convenient form of
energy to measure.
• Thermodynamics is the study of energy or heat
changes.

© McGraw-Hill Education 4
 5.1 The Flow of Energy in Living Things-3
Energy from the sun is captured by some
organisms and used to make molecules.
• These molecules then contain potential energy due to
the arrangement of their atoms.
• The potential energy in molecules is a form of
chemical energy that can be used to do work in cells.

© McGraw-Hill Education 5
 5.2 The Laws of Energy
Laws of energy govern the energy changes of the universe,
including those involved with any activity of an organism.
The Law of Energy Conservation.
• The total amount of energy in the universe remains constant.
• Energy can change from one state to another, but it can never
be created nor destroyed.
• During the energy conversions, some of the energy is lost as
heat energy.
The Law of Increasing Disorder.
• The amount of disorder, or entropy, in the universe is
increasing.

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 Figure 5.3: Entropy in Action

© McGraw-Hill Education ©Keith Eng, 2008/McGraw-Hill Education 7

 5.3 Chemical Reactions-1
The starting molecules of a chemical reaction are called the
reactants or sometimes substrates.
The molecules at the end of the reaction are called products.
There are two kinds of chemical reactions.
• Endergonic reactions have products with more energy than the
reactants.
• These reactions require an input of energy.
• Exergonic reactions have products with less energy than the
reactants.
• These reactions tend to occur spontaneously.

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 5.3 Chemical Reactions-2
All chemical reactions require an initial input of energy
called activation energy.
• The activation energy initiates a chemical reaction by
destabilizing existing chemical bonds.
Reactions become more likely to happen if their
activation energy is lowered.
• This process is called catalysis.
• Catalyzed reactions proceed much faster than noncatalyzed
reactions.

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 Figure 5.4: Chemical Reactions and
Catalysis

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 5.4 How Enzymes Work-1
Enzymes are the catalysts used by cells to
perform particular reactions.
• Enzymes bind specifically to a molecule and stress the
bonds to make the reaction more likely to proceed.
• The active site is the site on the enzyme that binds to
a reactant.
• The site on the reactant where the enzyme binds is
called the binding site.

© McGraw-Hill Education 11
 5.4 How Enzymes Work-2
The binding of a reactant to an enzyme causes
the enzyme’s shape to change slightly.
• This leads to an “induced fit” where the enzyme and
substrate fit tightly together as a complex.
• The enzyme is unaffected by the chemical reaction and
can be reused.

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 Figure 5.5: Enzyme’s Shape Determines
its Activity

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 Biological Process 5A: How Enzymes
Work

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 5.4 How Enzymes Work-3
Catalyzed reactions may Figure 5.6: A biochemical pathway
occur together in sequence.
• The product of one reaction is
the substrate for the next
reaction until a final product is
made.
• The series of reactions is
called a biochemical pathway.

© McGraw-Hill Education 15
 5.4 How Enzymes Work-4
Temperature and pH affect enzyme activity.
• Enzymes function within an optimum temperature range.
• When temperatures increase, the shape of enzymes change
due to denaturing of proteins.
• Enzymes function within an optimal pH range.
• The shape of enzymes is also affected by pH.
• Most human enzymes work best within a pH range of 6 to 8.
• Exceptions are stomach enzymes that function in acidic
ranges.

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 Figure 5.7: Enzymes are Sensitive to
Environment

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 5.5 How Cells Regulate Enzymes-1
Enzymes can be turned on and off by altering
their shape.
• Allosteric enzymes are affected by the binding of
signal molecules.
• Some signals act as repressors.
• Inhibit the enzyme when bound.
• Other signals act as activators.
• Change the shape of the enzyme so that it can bind
substrate.

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 Essential Biological Process 5B:
Regulating Enzyme Activity

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 5.5 How Cells Regulate Enzymes-2
In Feedback inhibition, the final product of a
biochemical pathway acts as a repressor to an enzyme
earlier in the pathway.
• Competitive inhibition.
• The inhibitor competes with the substrate for the active site.
• The inhibitor can block the active site so that it cannot bind
the substrate.
• Noncompetitive inhibition.
• The inhibitor binds to the allosteric site and changes the
shape of the active site so that no substrate can bind.

© McGraw-Hill Education 20
 Figure 5.8: How Enzymes can be
Inhibited

© McGraw-Hill Education 21
 5.6 ATP: The Energy Currency of the
Cell-1
Energy from the sun or from food sources must
be converted to a form that cells can use.
• Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy currency
of the cell.

© McGraw-Hill Education 22
 5.6 ATP: The Energy Currency of the
Cell-2
The structure of allows ATP to serve as an energy
carrier in cells.
• Each ATP molecule has three parts.
1. A sugar.
2. An adenine nucleotide.
3. A chain of three phosphate groups.
• The phosphates are negatively charged and it takes a lot
of chemical energy to hold them together.
• The phosphates are poised to come apart.

© McGraw-Hill Education 23
 Figure 5.9: The Parts of an ATP
Molecule

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 5.6 ATP: The Energy Currency of the
Cell-3
• When the endmost phosphate group is broken
off of an ATP molecule, energy is released.

ATP → ADP + Pi + energy

• The Pi represents inorganic phosphate.

© McGraw-Hill Education 25
 5.6 ATP: The Energy Currency of the
Cell-4
Coupled reactions.
• Usually endergonic reactions are coupled with the breakdown of
ATP.
• More energy than is needed is released by the breakdown of ATP so heat
is given off.

ATP cycles in the cell with respect to its energy needs.

Figure 5.10: The ATP-ADP Cycle

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 5.6 ATP: The Energy Currency of the
Cell-5
ATP powers many key cell activities.
Cells use two processes to convert energy from the sun and from
food molecules into ATP.
• Photosynthesis.
• Some cells convert energy from the sun into ATP and then
use it to make sugars that store potential energy.
• Cellular respiration.
• Cells break down the potential energy in sugars and other
molecules and convert it to ATP.

© McGraw-Hill Education 27
 Table 5.1: How Cells Use ATP Energy to
Power Cellular Work

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 Inquiry & Analysis
• As S increases, does V increase? Is there a maximum reaction
rate?
• Does this result provide support for the hypothesis that an
enzyme binds physically to its substrate? Explain.
How Substrate Level Affects Reaction Rate
Do Enzymes Physically Attach
to Their Substrates?

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© 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom.
No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.