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Bridge Engineering Lecture 1 A: Planning of Bridges Dr. Shahzad Rahman
Bridge Engineering Lecture 1 A: Planning of Bridges Dr. Shahzad Rahman
Lecture 1 A
Planning of Bridges
Dr. Shahzad Rahman
Bridge Planning
• Traffic Studies
• Hydrotechnical Studies
• Geotechnical Studies
• Environmental Considerations
• Alternatives for Bridge Type
• Economic Feasibility
• Bridge Selection and Detailed Design
Traffic Studies
Rive
r
New Road Link
Existing Network
New Bridge
City Center
Traffic Studies
• Traffic studies need to be carried out to
ascertain the amount of traffic that will
utilize the New or Widened Bridge
• This is needed to determine Economic
Feasibility of the Bridge
• For this Services of a Transportation
Planner and or Traffic Engineer are
Required
• Such Studies are done with help of Traffic
Software such as TransCAD, EMME2 etc.
Traffic Studies
• Traffic Studies should provide following
information
– Traffic on Bridge immediately after opening
– Amount of traffic at various times during life of the
Bridge
– Traffic Mix i.e. number of motorcars, buses, heavy
trucks and other vehicles
– Effect of the new link on existing road network
– Predominant Origin and Destination of traffic that will
use the Bridge
– Strategic importance of the new/improved Bridge
Hydrotechnical Studies
3. Rational Method
Empirical Methods of Peak Flood Estimation
7000 A
– Inglis Formula Q
A4
– Ryve’s Formula
Q C A2 / 3
C = 450 for areas within 15 miles off coast
560 between 15 – 100 miles off coast
Flood Frequency Analysis Method
• Usable at gauged sites where river
discharge data is available for sufficient
time in past
• Following Methods are commonly used
– Normal Distribution Method
– Log-Normal Distribution
– Log-Plot Graphical Method
Flood Frequency Analysis Method
• Normal Distribution Method
– Based on Assumption that events follow the
shape of Standard Normal Distribution Curve
Normal Distribution Method
probability
QP QM K Tr Q
Ranked Flow
Actual (Decending
2
Year Year Max Flood Xi - Xavg (Xi - Xavg) Order) Rank Probability Return Period
(No.) Q R P = R/n Tr = 1/P
2
(cumecs) (cumecs) (cumecs ) (yrs)
1970 1 26 2.9 8.3 48 1 0.04 24.00
1971 2 42 18.9 356.3 45 2 0.08 12.00
1972 3 17 -6.1 37.5 42 3 0.13 8.00
1973 4 35 11.9 141.0 35 4 0.17 6.00
1974 5 16 -7.1 50.8 35 5 0.21 4.80
1975 6 32 8.9 78.8 32 6 0.25 4.00
1976 7 48 24.9 618.8 26 7 0.29 3.43
1977 8 14 -9.1 83.3 25 8 0.33 3.00
1978 9 13 -10.1 102.5 23 9 0.38 2.67
1979 10 21 -2.1 4.5 21 10 0.42 2.40
1980 11 18 -5.1 26.3 21 11 0.46 2.18
1981 12 16 -7.1 50.8 20 12 0.50 2.00
Example of Peak Flood Estimation Flood
Ranked Flow
Actual (Decending
2
Year Year Max Flood Xi - Xavg (Xi - Xavg) Order) Rank Probability Return Period
(No.) Q R P = R/n Tr = 1/P
(cumecs) (cumecs) (cumecs2) (yrs)
1982 13 20 -3.1 9.8 18 13 0.54 1.85
1983 14 15 -8.1 66.0 17 14 0.58 1.71
1984 15 35 11.9 141.0 17 15 0.63 1.60
1985 16 45 21.9 478.5 16 16 0.67 1.50
1986 17 23 -0.1 0.0 16 17 0.71 1.41
1987 18 14 -9.1 83.3 15 18 0.75 1.33
1988 19 12 -11.1 123.8 15 19 0.79 1.26
1989 20 17 -6.1 37.5 15 20 0.83 1.20
1990 21 25 1.9 3.5 14 21 0.88 1.14
1991 22 15 -8.1 66.0 14 22 0.92 1.09
1992 23 21 -2.1 4.5 13 23 0.96 1.04
1993 24 15 -8.1 66.0 12 24 1.00 1.00
Sample Pts = n = 24
Mean Qm = M 23.125
Sum of Squares = 1 2638.6
S 2
n 1
(x j x )2
Variance = S
2
114.72
V
( n 1 )
1
w ln 2
p
w= 3.03485528
2
2 . 51557 0 . 802853 w 0 . 010328 w
K Tr
w 2 3
1 1 .532788 w 0 .189269 w 0 . 001308 w
KTr = 2.32678649
Flood Estimate = Qt =
Q Q
t m
Ktr
Qt = 48.05 Cumecs
10
Log-Normal Distribution Method
probability
ln QP ln QM K Tr ln Q
Log Q or Ln Q
70
60
D ischarge (cumecs)
50
40
Observed Discharge
30
Log. (Observed Discharge)
20
y = 12.724Ln(x) + 11.733
10
0
1 10 100
Retun Period (Yrs)
Trendline Equation is
Q C IT A
Q = Design Discharge
IT = Average rainfall intensity (in/hr) for some recurrence interval, T
during that period of time equal to Tc.
Tc = Time of Concentration
A = Area of the catchment in Sq. miles
C = Runoff coefficient; fraction of runoff, expressed as a
dimensionless decimal fraction, that appears as surface runoff
from the contributing drainage area.
Rational Method of Peak Flood Estimation
• Time of Concentration can be estimated using
Barnsby Williams Formula which is widely used
by US Highway Engineers
0.9 L
Tc 0.1 0.2
A S
Typical Borehole
Seismic Considerations
Project Start
Date
Construction
Stage
Project Life
Bridge Economic Analysis/
Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)
Salvage
Value
Project Life
End Date
Time
Project Cost Benefit Analysis
• The objective of LCCA is to
– Estimate the costs associated with the Project during
Construction an its service life. These include routine
maintenance costs + Major Rehab Costs
– Estimate the Benefits that will accrue from the Project including
time savings to road users, benefits to business activities etc.
– Bring down the costs and benefits to a common reference pt. in
time i.e. just prior to start of project (decision making time)
– Facilitate decision making about economic feasibility by
calculating quantifiable yardsticks such as Benefit to Cost Ratio
(BCR) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
• Note: Salvage Value may be taken as a Benefit
This includes cost of the Right-of-Way and substructure
What is Life Cycle Cost?
• An economic analysis procedure that uses
engineering inputs
Costs Stream
Time
Benefits Stream
Start Date
Construction
Life End
Project
Project
Date
Problem:
Salvage
Project Life
Stage
Value
• Costs and Benefits Change over the life of the Project
The annual effective discount rate is the annual interest divided by the capital
including that interest, which is the interest rate divided by 100% plus the
interest rate. It is the annual discount factor to be applied to the future cash
flow, to find the discount, subtracted from a future value to find the value
one year earlier.
For example, suppose there is an investment made of $95 and pays $100 in a
year's time. The discount rate according the given definition is:
100 95
Discount Rate d 5.0%
100
Interest Rate is calculated as $ 95 as Base
100 95
Interest Rate i 5.26%
95
Interest Rate and Discount Rate are Related as Follows
i
Discount Rate d i i2
1i
Discount Rate
• Thus Discount Rate is that rate which can be
used to obtain the Present Value of Money that
is spent or collected in future
Cost/ Benefit Projected
Backward
Stream
Cn
Costs
Co Year n
Time
Benefits
Bo
Stream
Start Date
Bn
Project
Project
Life
Present Worth
Salvage
Costs
Initial Cost
Rehabilitation Cost Maintenance and
Costs
Inspection
Cost
Years
Salvage
Value
Cost Benefit Ratio
Formula for Cost
Benefit Ratio
L
(1 d ) n
Bn
Benefit To Cost Ratio = Present Value of Benefits 0
L
Present Value of Costs
(1 d )
0
n
Cn
n
pwf (1 d )
t=L
• Difference between
– Removal cost
– Salvage value