11th

MODULE 11 : GRADE

STRATIFIED
ROCKS
01
STRATIFIED
ROCKS
 STRATIFIED ROCKS
- Rocks that hardened over time that create layers

STRATIFICATION is the process of creating layers of rocks.

STRATA is the horizontal layers present in most sedimentary rocks.

Stratified rocks consist of different layers in its structure and these layers are separated
by planes or bedding planes. These planes are also called cleavage planes .

BEDDING is also called stratification which describes the sedimentary rocks layering,
and sometimes, the layering found in metamorphic rock.
EXAMPLES OF STRATIFIED ROCKS
EXAMPLES OF STRATIFIED ROCKS

SANDSTONE IS A CLASTIC
SEDIMENTARY ROCK COMPOSED
MAINLY OF SAND-SIZED SILICATE
GRAINS.

SANDSTONE
EXAMPLES OF STRATIFIED ROCKS

LIMESTONE IS A COMMON TYPE OF

CARBONATE SEDIMENTARY ROCK. IT IS
COMPOSED MOSTLY OF THE
MINERALS CALCITE AND ARAGONITE.

LIMESTONE
EXAMPLES OF STRATIFIED ROCKS

SHALE IS A FINE-GRAINED, CLASTIC

SEDIMENTARY ROCK FORMED FROM
MUD THAT IS A MIX OF FLAKES OF
CLAY MINERALS AND TINY FRAGMENTS
OF OTHER MINERALS, ESPECIALLY
QUARTS AND CALCITE.

SHALE
FORMATIONS OF STRATIFIED ROCKS

WEATHERING EROSION

DEPOSITION COMPACTION
WEATHERING

ROCKS ARE BROKEN DOWN INTO

SMALLER PIECES.
EROSION

EROSION IS THE PROCESS OF

TRANSPORTING ROCK PARTICLES
AND OTHER ROCK MATERIALS FROM
ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER.
DEPOSITION

DEPOSITION IS THE PROCESS BY

WHICH SEDIMENTS SETTLE IN A
CERTAIN PLACE AFTER BEING
ERODED.
COMPACTION

DEPOSITED SEDIMENTS WILL BEGIN

TO STICK TO ONE ANOTHER,
CEMENTED TOGETHER WITH CLAY,
OTHER MINERALS AND FOSSILS, AND
COMPACTED CREATING A LAYER OF
SEDIMENTARY ROCK.
 02
FUNDAMENTAL
PRINCIPLES OF
STRATIGRAPHY
Stratigraphic laws are basic and
fundamental principles used and applied
by geologist to determine the age and
characteristics of rock layers.
1. PRINCIPLE OF ORIGINAL HORIZONTALITY

This law states that

most sediment when
deposited
will form horizontal or
nearly horizontal strata
under the action of
gravity.
2. THE PRINCIPLE OF LATERAL CONTINUITY

This principle states that layer of

sediment initially extend laterally
sideways in the same order. There
are similar rocks but separated by a
valley or other erosional feature,
still, they can be assumed to be
originally continuous. In the same
manner scientist can correlate layers
at one location to another.
3. THE PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION
This geochronology
law states that in any
uninterrupted
structure of rocks
deposited in layers, the
youngest layer is on
top and the oldest on
bottom.
The rock fragments
must be older than the
4. The PRINCIPLE OF FAUNAL SUCCESSION.

LAW OF FAUNAL
SUCCESSION STATES THAT
FOSSILS OCCUR IN A
DEFINITE, INVARIABLE
SEQUENCE IN THE
GEOLOGIC RECORD.

FOSSILS REPRESENT LIVING

CREATURES THAT HAVE
EVOLVED THROUGH TIME,
SO WHEN WE SOUND FOSSIL
OF THE SAME TYPE IN TWO
DIFFERENT AREAS THAT ARE
NOT LATERALLY
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