Metrologi Industri & Kontrol Kualitas

#4
Pengukuran
Geometri 2

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Thread Terminology

3
Screw Thread Terms
 Thread Terminology
Pitch
The distance from a given point on one thread
to a corresponding point on the very next thread

5
 Sizes and Descriptions
• Threads – External helical ribs on the body of a bolt at the end
opposite the head.
• The diameter of a bolt is determined by the diameter of the crest of
the threads.

• The length of most bolts (or machine screws) is determined by the

measuring from the bottom of the head to the end of the threads.
– Flat head bolts are measured from the threaded end to the top of the head.
• The Head Size determines what size wrench or socket must be
used to turn or hold the bolt or nut.
– A square or hexagonal bolt head is measured across the “flats”.
– Example – A ¾” wrench is needed to turn a ½” diameter bolt head.
 Threads
• Threads – External helical ribs on the body of a bolt.
Usually a bolt “mates” with internal threads of a nut.
– The top of the rib is called the crest, or thread tip.
– Bottom of the groove is called the thread root.
• Threads are measured by counting the number per inch.
(Metric threads are measured by the distance between threads –
pitch – in mm)

Thread gauges are available that

match threads against those on the
gauge.
American National Standards Institute
( ANSI )
 American National
Standard Thread
.6134
D  .6134 x P or
N
.125
F  .125 x P or
N

10
International Organization for
Standardization
( ISO )
 ISO Metric Thread
60° included angle
D (Internal) = 0.6143 x pitch
Crest = .125 x pitch
Root = .250 x pitch

12
 ISO Metric Thread

D (external)  0.54127 x P
FC  .125 x P
FR  .250 x P

13
Detailed Thread Symbols
Screw Thread Forms
Thread Pitch
Right Hand & Left Hand Threads
Single & Multiple Threads
Detailed Thread Symbols
 Metrologi Ulir
Pengukuran geometrik ulir adalah untuk memastikan kekuatan atau daya
tahan kelelahan ulir atau untuk menjamin ketelitian pengubahan gerak dari
gerak rotasi menjadi gerak translasi

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Pengukuran Diameter mayor dan minor
The Three-Wire Method
Pengukuran Diameter pits

****
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Internal Threads
Pengukuran Ulir Dalam

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Pengukuran Sudut Ulir

Gbr 4.4.7 dan 4.6.18

Pengukuran Sudut Ulir Dalam

Gbr 4.6.19
Metrologi Roda Gigi
 GEAR TRANSMISSION
• Gearing is a very vital form of transmission of
mechanical power.
• Universally adopted for almost all machine
mechanisms.
• Type of Gear Transmissions:
1. Spur Gear,
2. Helical Gear,
3. Herring bone Gear,
4. Bevel Gear,
5. Rack and pinion,
6. Worm and worm wheel.
SPUR GEAR
HELICAL GEAR
HERRING-BONE GEAR
BEVEL GEAR
WORM & WORM WHEEL
RACK & PINION
Measuring Gear
Nomenclature of Spur Gear
Nomenclature of Spur Gear

Pitch circle. This is a theoretical circle on which calculations are based.

Its diameter is called the pitch diameter.
 Nomenclature of Spur Gear

Circular pitch. This is the distance from a point on one tooth to the
corresponding point on the adjacent tooth measured along the pitch circle.
 Nomenclature of Spur Gear

Tooth thickness. This is the distance from a point on one face of tooth to the
corresponding point on the adjacent face of the same tooth measured along
the pitch circle.
 Nomenclature of Spur Gear

Module. This is the ratio of the pitch diameter to the number of teeth. The unit
of the module should be millimeters (mm). The module is defined by the ratio
of pitch diameter and number of teeth.
 Nomenclature of Spur Gear

Diametral pitch. This is the ratio of the number of teeth to the pitch diameter.
Thus, it is the reciprocal of the module. Since diametral pitch is used only with
U.S. units, it is expressed as teeth per inch.
 Nomenclature of Spur Gear

Addendum, a. This is the radial distance from the pitch circle to the outside of
the tooth.

Dedendum, b. This is the radial distance from the pitch circle to the bottom
land.
 Nomenclature of Spur Gear

Clearance circle. This is a circle that is tangent to the addendum circle of the
mating gear.

Clearance, c. This is the is the amount by which the dedendum in a given

gear exceeds the addendum of its mating gear.
4.7 Metrologi Roda Gigi

Tabel 4.7.1
Involute

Gbr 4.7.1
Garis Aksi, Jarak Kontak, Sudut Tekan

Gbr 4.7.2
Definisi dan Notasi Elemen Roda Gigi

Gbr 4.7.3
Kualitas Geometrik Roda Gigi:
 Pemeriksaan Bahan Roda Gigi
 Pemeriksaan Gigi
 Pemeriksaan Pasangan Roda Gigi
Pemeriksaan Bahan Roda Gigi

Gbr 4.7.5
Eksentrisitas

Gbr 4.7.10
Gbr 4.7.21
Kesalahan profil

Gbr 4.7.11

****
Gbr 4.7.22
Pengukuran Kebulatan

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Teknik Mesin Undip
 Roundness
• Roundness = kebulatan  lingkaran atau bola

61
 Cylindricity
• Cylindricity kondisi permukaan (selubung) suatu
batang silidris yang dibandingkan terhadap lingkaran
idealnya

04/18/22 Lab6: Roundness Test 62

 Runout
• Runout –pengukuran permukaan poros silindris dengan
memutar pada sumbunya nilai kesalahan yang diukur
dibandingkan dengan lingkaran referensinya
• Alat ukur : dial indicator dan diputar 360 derajat

04/18/22 Lab6: Roundness Test 63

 Total Runout:
• Total Runout: nilai kesalahannya diukur dengan menjumlahkan
kedua permukaan yang berseberangan

04/18/22 Lab6: Roundness Test 64

 Eccentricity
• Eccentricity: merupakan istilah yang digunakan untuk
menggambarkan posisi sumbu putar relatif terhadap
beberapa titik datum  dinyatakan dalam bentuk vektor
(besar dan arah)
• Besarnya eksentrisitas dinyatakan sebagai jarak antara
titik datum dan pusat profil.
• Arah dinyatakan hanya sebagai sudut dari titik datum ke
pusat profil.

04/18/22 Lab6: Roundness Test 65

 Concentricity
• Concentricity menyatakan posisi sumbu putar dari suatu
kumpulan titik ukur pada permukaan suatu geometri silindris 
lebih mudah mengukuran runoutnya
• Concentricity: is twice the eccentricity and is the diameter of a
circle traced by the component center orbiting about the datum
axis.

04/18/22 Lab6: Roundness Test 66

 Roundness Measurements
• Kebulatan merupakan kumpulan dari data diamater yang diukur
pada satu penampang lingkaran
• Pengukuran kebulatan membutuhkan beberapa titik ukur
• Roundness dilakukan dengan mengukur penyimpangan arah radial
pada suatu sumbu putar.

04/18/22 Lab6: Roundness Test 67

Teknik Mesin Undip
 PENGUKURAN Roundness
• Component rotation : benda kerja diletakkan di atas
meja putar dengan mengeset kesesumbuannya
– Kesesumbuan diset dengan centering dan leveling meja putar.
transducer digunakan untuk mengukur penyimpangan radial

04/18/22 Lab6: Roundness Test 69

 PENGUKURAN Roundness
• Rotating the stylus: meja diam, transducer yang berputar
• This is usually performed on small high precision components but
is also useful for measuring large, non-circular, for example
measurement of a cylinder bore using this method would not
require rotation of the complete engine block.

04/18/22 Lab6: Roundness Test 70

 Reference Circle
• To measure out of roundness, it is necessary to compare the
part profile to an ideal circle or datum.

04/18/22 Lab6: Roundness Test 71

****

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 Circle References
• Least Square Reference Circle (LSC): lingkaran dimana jumlah
area di dalam lingkaran ini sama dengan jumlah area di luar
lingkaran
• The out of roundness adalah nilai perbedaan maksimum antara
lingkaran referensi dengan profil permukaan benda ukur

04/18/22 Lab6: Roundness Test 73

 Circle References cont.
 Minimum Zone Circle (MZC)
The MZC is defined as two concentric circles positioned
to just enclose the measured profile such that their radial
departure is a minimum. The roundness value is then
given as their radial separation. (RONt)

04/18/22 Lab6: Roundness Test 74

 Circle References cont.
• Minimum Circumscribed Circle (MCC): This is also known
as the ring gauge reference circle and is the smallest circle
that totally encloses the profile. Out of roundness is
quantified as the largest deviation from this circle (RONt).

04/18/22 Lab6: Roundness Test 75

 Circle References cont.
 Maximum Inscribed Circle (MIC) :The maximum inscribed circle,
sometimes referred to as the plug gauge circle, is the largest circle
that is totally enclosed by the profile. Errors are quantified as the
maximum radial deviation (RONt) away from this reference circle.

04/18/22 Lab6: Roundness Test 76

 Roundness Error
 Least square circle (LSC): It is a circle which separates the roundness
profile of an object by separating the sum of total areas of the inside and
outside it in equal amounts. The roundness error then can be estimated as
the difference between the maximum and minimum distance from this
reference circle
 Minimum Zone circle (MZC): Here two circles are used as reference for
measuring the roundness error. One circle is drawn outside the roundness
profile just as to enclose the whole of it and the other circle is drawn inside
the roundness profile so that it just inscribes the profile. The roundness
error here is the difference between the radiuses of the two circles.
 Minimum circumcised circle (MCC): It is defined as the smallest circle
which encloses whole of the roundness profile. Here the error is the largest
deviation from this circle
 Maximum inscribed circle (MIC): It is defined as the largest circle that can
be inscribed inside the roundness profile. The roundness error here again is
the maximum deviation of the profile from this inscribed circle.

04/18/22 Lab6: Roundness Test 77

 Equipment
 MMQ10 Formtester for roundness measurement.
 Vernier Caliper.

04/18/22 Lab6: Roundness Test 78

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Teknik Mesin Undip
Gbr 4.8.9
 Results
• Note that the Ecc "Eccentricity" value is 0.1 µm <0.5 µm
that is the surface is correctly centered.
• The roundness equals to 1.11 µm which indicates that the
edges and the corner of the object is smooth.
• Tolerance was 10 µm
• Φ was 172° (angle from the datum point to the profile
center).
• The measurement range was 100 µm

04/18/22 Lab6: Roundness Test 82

Gbr 4.8.10
Gbr 4.8.12
Gbr 4.8.13
Example
 Tugas

Individu:
Buat ringkasan sub bab 3.4