Measures of

Relationship
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
INTRODUCTION
There variables in nature that are related in
such a way that if we know one of them, the
others can be estimated. (Deauna, 1996)
One of the most meaningful research is that
which seeks to find, or verify relationships
among variables. (Fraenkel and Wallen, 2007)
INTRODUCTION

For this, we are going to find employ

measures of relationship.
 LET US
CONSIDER
THESE
SCENARIOS
 Scenario 1
INDIVIDUALS MATH ENGLISH
Pedro 12 41
John 21 76
Alicia 9 29
Charles 7 21
Bonnie 13 43
Phil 11 37
Sue 7 14
Oscar 18 63
Jean 15 54
Dave 14 39
 Scores in Mathematics as Compared
to Scores in English
80

70

60
Score in English

50

40

30

20

10

0
6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

Score in Mathematics
 Scores in Mathematics as Compared
to Scores in English
80

70

60
Score in English

50

40

30

20

10

0
6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

Score in Mathematics
 Scenario 2

Pressure Volume
(g/cm²) (cm³)
8 6
4 12
6 8
2 24
 Pressure and Volume of a
Confined Gas
30

25

20
Volume (cm³)

15

10

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Pressure
(g/cm²)
 Pressure and Volume of a
Confined Gas
30

25

20
Volume (cm³)

15

10

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Pressure
(g/cm²)
 Scenario 3
Weight IQ
(in kg.)
65 120
70 95
55 130
48 100
52 105
72 115
60 110
50 90
68 125
 WEights and Iq of 9 persons
140

120

100

80
IQ

60

40

20

0
45 50 55 60 65 70 75

Weight (in kg.)

CORRELATION

is a statistical measure that indicates

the extent to which two or more
variables relate together.
3 BASIC CORRELATIONS

1. Positive Correlation – direct relationship

among variables (x↑, y↑; x↓, y↓)
3 BASIC CORRELATIONS

2. Negative Correlation – inverse relationship

among variables (x↑, y ↓; x↓, y ↑)
3 BASIC CORRELATIONS

3. Zero Correlation – there is no existing

relationship among the two variables
 By using scatterplot, we can simply see if
the variables have a logical trend. However,
these representations are only descriptive and
are not sufficient to fully understand
correlation.
 Thus, to be more precise in expressing
relationship among variables, we are going to
use the correlation coefficient.
 -1.0 -0.5 0 0.5 1.0

Strong Strong
Negative Zero Positive
Correlation Correlation Correlation
r Value Descriptor
(Takane & Fergusson, 1998)

r Value Description
0.00 - ±0.10 No Correlation
±0.11 - ±0.25 Negligible Correlation
±0.26 - ±0.50 Moderate Correlation
±0.51 - ±0.75 High Correlation
±0.76 - ±1.00 Very High Correlation