1.

ABSTRACT
The aim of this experiment was to measure the partial molar volume of two component systems as a
function of composition and then to relate these measurements to the thermodynamics of the system. The
experiment involves two parts the first part involves mixing of 1.5g of Potassium chloride (KCl) within
burette containing 20mL of water. The second part divided into two sub-sections one mixing 20mL of
water in burette with 2mL of ethanol twelve times. And then reversing by starting introduces 20mL of
ethanol and 2mL of water twelve times. Partial molar volume of ionic salts obtained was 20.66mL/moles
and the partial molar volume of water was

2. THEORY
For a volume system with two components A and B that form a single homogenous phase, the volume V
of the system is;

Where and are the partial molar volumes of A and B respectively, and and are the
number of moles of each component in the system. The partial molar volume defined as the rate of
change of the system with the addition of the component say A while all other thermodynamic variables
(P,T and n) of the second component are kept constant.

Mathematically is indicated through the use of partial differential operators was

The partial molar volume with composition thus if the pure component has the partial molar volume
then the total molar volume of the system containing unmixed samples of A and B is thus given as

And the volume change during mixing is

Hence

( )

may be positive or negative and sometime zero at all composition in an ideal solution. Dividing
equation i, ii, iii and iv by the total number of moles in the system , the expressions
containing molar fractions (X) are obtained as

1 partial molar
 ( )

The subscript m in in equation (v vii) above indicates the value of molar. The value of
partial molar volume s at any composition is found by constructing the tangent to the versus mole
fraction the curve plotting and linear both indicated in one xy plane and observing the intersection at
and .The molar volumes and these are obtained from the density measurements
for the pure components and their molar masses.

This means where the molar mass is and is the density.

3. EXPERIMENTAL PART

Apparatus used

50mL burette

20mL pipette

2mL pipette

Balance pan for mass measuring

Liquid and mixture used

Ionized water

Ethanol

Potassium chloride

Experimental procedures

PART A.

Ionic solid in water

20mL of distilled water was pipetted and introduced into a clean dry 50mL burette and burrate reading
recorded in the table of results. Then 1.2g of ionic salt was added into the burette stopped it and shaking
and inverted to ensure all the material is dissolved the n burette volume recorded again. The same
procedure of adding 1.2g of ionic salt in the burette was repeated more five times.

2 partial molar
PART B

Ethanol in 20mL of water

20mL of ionized water was pipetted and introduced into a clean empty burette and initial burette reading
was recorded. Then 2mL of ethanol was pipetted and added into the burette then stopped it shaking by
inverting and leave to settle volume was recorded again. This procedure repeated 12 times to adding 2mL
of ethanol to that burette shaking it and recording volumes of burette.

Water in 20mL of Ethanol

20mL of ethanol now pipetted and introduced into a clean and dry burette initial volume was recorded.
Then 2mL of water now added into the burette and new volume of burette recorded. 2mL of water was
preceded added and recording burette reading until 12 times as PART A procedures.

3 partial molar
 4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
PART A

TABLE OF RESULTS OF IONIZED SALT (KCl) WITH WATER

No. of KCl added Mass of Mass of Mass of Total mass Burette System
into20mL of H2O sample + paper (g) sample of sample in readings volume
paper (g) (g) system (g) (mL) (mL)
0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 31.40 20.00
1 1.8822 0.6557 1.1965 1.1965 31.10 20.30
2 1.8849 0.6562 1.1917 2.3882 30.50 20.70
3 1.8526 0.6548 1.1978 3.5860 30.10 21.00
4 1.8522 0.6600 1.1922 4.7782 29.70 21.40
5 1.8547 0.6538 1.2009 5.9791 29.20 21.70
6 1.8534 0.6571 1.1963 7.1754 28.60 22.10

PART B

(i) TABLE OF RESULTS OF ETHANOL IN 20ml OF WATER

No. of sample added Volume of the Total volume of sample Burette reading System volume
in 20mL of water sample added (mL) in the system (mL) (mL) (mL)
0 0 0 31.40 20.00
1 2 2 29.40 22.00
2 2 4 27.50 23.90
3 2 6 25.90 25.90
4 2 8 23.60 27.90
5 2 10 21.70 29.90
6 2 12 19.80 31.60
7 2 14 17.90 33.60
8 2 16 16.00 35.50
9 2 18 14.10 37.40
10 2 20 12.20 39.30
11 2 22 10.30 41.20
12 2 24 8.40 43.10

4 partial molar
 (ii) TABLE OF RESULTS OFWATER IN 20ml OF WATER

Volume of the Burette

No. of sample added sample added Total volume of sample reading System volume
in 20mL of ethanol (mL) in the system (mL) (mL) (mL)
0 0 0 31.20 20.00
1 2 2 29.30 29.90
2 2 4 27.40 23.80
3 2 6 25.50 25.70
4 2 8 23.50 27.60
5 2 10 21.70 29.50
6 2 12 19.80 31.40
7 2 14 17.90 33.30
8 2 16 16.00 35.20
9 2 18 14.10 37.10
10 2 20 12.20 39.00
11 2 22 10.10 40.90
12 2 24 8.40 42.80

5 partial molar
 5. CALCULATIONS AND GRAPHS
TABLE OF NUMBER OF MOLES OF SOLUTE (nB) AND VOLUME OF SYSTEM

No. Mass of sample in system(g) System volume (v) Number of moles of (kCl) in the
(mL) system(n)
1. 1.1965 20.30 0.0161
2. 2.3882 20.70 0.0321
3. 3.5860 21.00 0.0481
4. 4.7782 21.40 0.0641
5. 5.9791 21.70 0.0803
6. 7.1754 22.10 0.0963

But

Molar mass of solute (KCl) = (39 + 35.5)g/mole

Therefore number of moles for first

The same formula uses for other five mass remaining in table above

6 partial molar
 THE GRAPH OF VOLUME AGAINST NUMBER OF MOLES
SYSTEM VOLUME(V) Ml

22.2

22

21.8

21.6

21.4

21.2

21

20.8

20.6

20.4

20.2
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12

number of moles

7 partial molar
Calculating slope of graph above two points which was P1 = (0.0321, 20.7) and P2 = (0.0805, 21.7)

The slope was 20.66mL/moles

Slope was equal to partial volume

Partial molar volume of solute was 20.66mL/moles

Table contain mass of solid added at each stage and corresponding number of moles of solid, total number
of moles added at each stage and corresponding system volume.

S/N Mass of solid added Number of moles of solid System Number of moles of (kCl)
at each stage (g) in each mass added volume (mL) in the system
1 1.1965 0.0161 20.30 0.0161
2 1.1917 0.0160 20.70 0.0321
3 1.1978 0.0161 21.00 0.0481
4 1.1922 0.0160 21.40 0.0641
5 1.2009 0.0161 21.70 0.0803
6 1.1963 0.0161 22.10 0.0963

Table containing mole fraction of KCl (XB)

S/N System Moles of Number of moles of Moles of water + XB = Vm

volume water(nw) (KCl) in the moles of solute in (nB/nT) (mL/mol)
(mL) system(nB) system(nT) (V/nw +nB)
1. 20.30 1.1111 0.0161 1.1272 0.0143 18.0122
2 20.70 1.1111 0.0321 1.1432 0.0281 18.0710
3 21.00 1.1111 0.0481 1.1592 0.0415 18.1159
4 21.40 1.1111 0.0641 1.1752 0.0545 18.1697
5 21.70 1.1111 0.0803 1.1914 0.0674 18.2139
6 22.10 1.1111 0.0963 1.2074 0.0798 18.3038

8 partial molar
 The graph of Vm(mL/mol) against XB
18.35
Vm(mL/mol)

18.3

18.25

18.2

18.15

18.1

18.05

18

17.95
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09

XB

9 partial molar
Calculating slope of graph above two points which was P1 = (0.0281, 18.0710) and P2 = (0.0674,18.2139)

The slope was 3.64mL/moles

Before constructing the table consisting THE FOLLOWING

TABLE

No. XA = XB = Vm,A = Vm,B = (mL/mol) XA . Vm,A XB .Vm,B

(mL/mol) (mL/mol) (mL/mol)

1. 0.7655 0.2345 197.12 647.06 150.90 151.74

2. 0.7655 0.2345 107.21 351.47 82.07 82.42
3. 0.7673 0.2327 77.18 256.44 59.22 59.67
4. 0.7655 0.2345 62.16 204.41 47.58 47.77
5. 0.7700 0.2300 53.15 173.10 40.93 39.81
6. 0.5709 0.4291 47.15 154.15 36.35 66.15
7. 0.7639 0.2361 42.86 140.59 32.74 33.19
8. 0.7649 0.2351 40.32 130.04 30.84 30.57
9. 0.7649 0.2351 37.14 121.82 28.41 28.64
10. 0.7652 0.2348 35.10 115.25 26.86 27.06
11. 0.7652 0.2318 33.47 109.87 25.61 25.47
12. 0.7648 0.2352 32.11 105.12 24.56 24.72

The partial molar volume of the pure component (V*) =

For water

For Ethanol

10 partial molar
No. XA XB XA XB
(mL/mol) (mL/mol) (mL/mol) (mL/mol)
1. 0.7655 0.2345 13.779 13.742 27.521 302.6309
2. 0.7655 0.2345 13.779 13.742 27.521 164.489
3. 0.7673 0.2327 13.811 13.636 27.447 118.8938
4. 0.7655 0.2345 13.779 13.742 27.521 95.51763
5. 0.7700 0.2300 13.860 13.478 27.338 80.7385
6. 0.5709 0.4291 10.276 25.145 35.421 93.0637
7. 0.7639 0.2361 13.750 13.835 27.585 65.93405
8. 0.7649 0.2351 13.768 13.776 27.544 61.41317
9. 0.7649 0.2351 13.768 13.776 27.544 57.04827
10. 0.7652 0.2348 13.774 13.756 27.53 53.91922
11. 0.7652 0.2318 13.774 13.583 27.357 51.07911
12. 0.7648 0.2352 13.766 13.783 27.549 49.28195

No. XA XB P = XA( - Q = XB( -

(mL/mol) (mL/mol) (mL/mol)
1. 0.7655 0.2345 137.121 137.998 275.119
2. 0.7655 0.2345 68.291 68.678 136.969
3. 0.7673 0.2327 45.409 46.034 91.443
4. 0.7655 0.2345 33.801 34.028 67.829
5. 0.7700 0.2300 27.07 26.332 53.402
6. 0.5709 0.4291 26.074 41.005 67.079
7. 0.7639 0.2361 18.99 19.355 38.345
8. 0.7649 0.2351 17.072 16.794 33.866
9. 0.7649 0.2351 14.642 14.864 29.506
10. 0.7652 0.2348 13.086 13.304 26.39
11. 0.7652 0.2318 11.836 11.887 23.723
12. 0.7648 0.2352 10.794 10.937 21.731

11 partial molar
No. XA (mL/mol)
(mL/mol) (mL/mol)
1. 0.7655 302.6309 27.521 275.119
2. 0.7655 164.489 27.521 136.969
3. 0.7673 118.8938 27.447 91.443
4. 0.7655 95.51763 27.521 67.829
5. 0.7700 80.7385 27.338 53.402
6. 0.5709 93.0637 35.421 67.079
7. 0.7639 65.93405 27.585 38.345
8. 0.7649 61.41317 27.544 33.866
9. 0.7649 57.04827 27.544 29.506
10. 0.7652 53.91922 27.53 26.39
11. 0.7652 51.07911 27.357 23.723
12. 0.7648 49.28195 27.549 21.731

12 partial molar
 THE GRAPH OF 𝑽m AGAINST XH2o
𝑽m

350.00

300.00

250.00

200.00

150.00

100.00

50.00

0.00
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90
XH2o

13 partial molar
6. DISCUSSION
In this experiment the partial molar volume of ionic salt potassium chloride added in
water, was determined to be 20.66mL/moles while the partial molar volume for pure water
was calculated from the graph found to be . But they may deviate
from the known theoretical or true value due source of error analyzed in the question.

7. ANSWER TO QUESTIONS
1. Sources of experimental error in this experiment was
i) Losing of volume in the system during mixing the mixtures.
ii) Error due to measuring of mass of ionic salt which may exceed the required amount
or decrease due to loss of salt after recording the measured value
iii) Taking reading when the eye is not perpendicular to the meniscus of liquid in the
burette.
iv) Truncation error due to analytical balance measurements.

Procedures for made experiment more accurate was

i) Avoiding any loss of volume during mixing a salt in the system.
ii) Good burette reading during measuring of volume.
iii) Allow the mixture to settle before recording the system volume.

2. Partial molar volume of both solute and solvent changes as the molar fraction changes
because the thermodynamic properties changes as the mixture changes.

14 partial molar
8. CONCLUSSION
The experimental objective was reached since the partial molar volumes of solute and ionic
liquids were obtained. But they may deviate from the known theoretical or true value due to the
errors mentioned in the question above.

15 partial molar
9. REFERENCES

i) Forland, T, Ndaalio G, Forland K.S. “Practicals in physical Chemistry (UDSM 1980)

ii) Barrow G.M Physical Chemistry 4th ed (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1979)
iii) Atkins P.W “Physical Chemistry 5th ed (OUP 1995)
iv) Forland K.S and Forland T “Chemical Thermodynamics (UDSM 1991)

16 partial molar