What is meant by a pandemic

Pandemics are for the most part disease

outbreaks that become widespread as a result
of the spread of human- to-human infection.
 What causes a pandemic?
• They either mutate to become more
infectious to humans or we come in very
close contact with a wild animal. This can
happen as more human development
encroaches on wild habitats. That
encroachment is one of several reasons why
we have seen pandemics increase in the past
15 to 20 years.
 When did the coronavirus start?
•  the new coronavirus that causes COVID-19,
come into being? Here's what we know about
the virus that was first detected in Wuhan,
China, in late 2019 and has set off a global
pandemic.
 COVID-19 Symptoms:
• The most common symptoms are cough and
fever. Some patients progress to shortness of
breath (trouble breathing). Other common
symptoms are chills, shivering (shaking), runny
nose, sore throat, muscle pain, headache,
fatigue (tiredness) and loss of smell or taste.
• While challenging to directly compare, it is
likely that COVID-19 will not eventuate as the
most damaging pandemic to society, both
historically and in the modern age. The other
pandemics discussed herein have had
significant impacts on societies globally, with
larger rates of infection and mortality
How to control pandemic diseases
• Avoid physical contact like handshakes, hand
holding or hugs. Avoid touching surfaces such
as table tops, chairs, door handles etc. b)
Practice good hygiene Wash your hands
frequently using soap and water: After coming
home from outside or meeting other people
especially if ◆ they are ill.
How long can COVID-19 survive on surfaces?

• After being expelled from the body,

coronaviruses can survive on surfaces for
hours to days. If a person touches the dirty
surface, they may deposit the virus at the
eyes, nose, or mouth where it can enter the
body cause infection.
 Urban Disaster ?
• Disasters are the result of the interaction of
hazards and vulnerable conditions and as such
the product of the social, political, and
economic environments. When disasters
affect cities or urban areas (nonrural
contexts) they are referred to as urban
disasters.
 PROBLEMS OF FLOOD IN URBAN AREAS

• Employment: Rural-urban migration has been

going on for centuries, but it has not always
been as great a problem as it is today. ...
• Provision of Social Services: ...
• Urban Sprawl: ...
• Traffic Congestion: ...
• Pollution:
 Urban development and hazards
• Urban development can change the
environment or ecosystem through, for
instance, the expansion of paved,
impermeable areas, which prevent rain from
being absorbed by the soil thereby increasing
flood hazard, particularly in low-lying areas.
 URBANIZATION AFFECT NATURAL DISASTERS?

• Evidence has shown that rapid urbanization

and population growth drive to a large extent
the impact of natural disasters (UNISDR,
2012; 2013). The greater the number of
people settled in at-risk areas, the higher the
probability of casualties and economic losses
as a result of climatic or geodynamic events
 Types of urban disaster
Urban Floods.
Urban Fires.
Earthquakes.
Heat island effect.
Emission of hazardous gases.
Major Causes Of Urban Flooding In India?

• Meteorological Factors: Heavy rainfall,

cyclonic storms, and thunderstorms.
• Hydrological Factors: Overbank flow channel
networks, the occurrence of high tides
impeding the drainage in coastal cities.
• Anthropogenic Factors: Unplanned
Urbanization: Unplanned Urbanization is the
key cause of urban flooding.
 Short-Term Effects
•  Victims, Selective Mortality, and Population
Recovery. ...
• 2 Land Loss and Capital Destruction. ...
• 3 Economic Crisis. ...
• 4 Scapegoating, Blame, and Social Unrest.
 What are complex emergencies?
• A Complex Emergency (CE) is “a humanitarian
crisis which occurs in a country, region, or
society where there is a total or considerable
breakdown of authority resulting from civil
conflict and/or foreign aggression” [3]. This
crisis can result in high morbidity and
mortality among the affected persons.
 Complex emergency

•Conflicts.
•Drought.
•Earthquakes.
•Floods.
•Landslides.
•Nuclear.
•Storms.
• Complex emergencies, which often have a
combination of natural and man-made
elements, and different causes of vulnerability
and a combination of factors leads to a
humanitarian crisis. Examples include food
insecurity, armed conflicts, and displaced
populations.
 Complex Humanitarian Emergencies

• Complex humanitarian emergencies refer to

deep social crises in which large numbers of
people die from war, displacement, disease
and hunger, owing to man made disasters,
although some may benefit. There are three
key definitional points about CHEs in the
present study.
How can you prevent complex emergencies?

• The most effective measures to prevent

mortality and morbidity in complex
emergencies include protection from violence;
the provision of adequate food rations, clean
water and sanitation; diarrheal disease
control; measles immunization; maternal and
child health care, including the case
management of common endemic ...