Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF
UNIVARIATE, BIVARIATE AND
MULTIVARIATE DATA
Univariate Analysis – In univariate analysis, one variable is
analyzed at a time.
Contingency table
TWO VARIABLES CROSS-TABULATION
Purchase of Fashion Clothing by Marital Status
Purchase of Gender
Fashion Male Female
Clothing
Married Not Married Not
Married Married
High 35% 40% 25% 60%
As can be seen, 52% of unmarried respondents fell in the high-purchase category, as
opposed to 31% of the married respondents. Before concluding that unmarried
respondents purchase more fashion clothing than those who are married, a third
variable, the buyer's gender, was introduced into the analysis.
in the case of females, 60% of the unmarried fall in the high-purchase category, as
compared to 25% of those who are married. On the other hand, the percentages are
much closer for males, with 40% of the unmarried and 35% of the married falling in
the high purchase category.
Hence, the introduction of gender (third variable) has refined the relationship
between marital status and purchase of fashion clothing (original variables).
Unmarried respondents are more likely to fall in the high purchase category than
married ones, and this effect is much more pronounced for females than for males.
STEPS INVOLVED IN HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Formulate H0 and H1
2
The chi-square statistic ( ) iscused to test the
statistical significance of the observed association in
a cross-tabulation.
The expected frequency for each cell can be
calculated by using a simple formula:
f e = nrnnc