ENE 303 Engineering Thermodynamics - II

Lecture – I

Reminder Notes

• We learned 2nd law of thermodynamics and thermodynamics machines in the

previous semester .

• Thermodynamics machines are divide two main group

• Power produce machines (Heat Engines)
• Power required machines (Heat pumps & Refrigerators)
 ENE 303 Engineering Thermodynamics - II
Lecture – I

Heat Engines Heat Pumps Refrigerators

Y. A. Çengel, M.A. Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, McGraw-Hill, 8th Ed., New York.
 ENE 303 Engineering Thermodynamics - II
Lecture – I

Heat Engines Heat Pumps Refrigerators

Y. A. Çengel, M.A. Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, McGraw-Hill, 8th Ed., New York.
 ENE 303 Engineering Thermodynamics - II
Lecture – I

Kelvin - Planck Statement

Y. A. Çengel, M.A. Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, McGraw-Hill, 8th Ed., New York.
 ENE 303 Engineering Thermodynamics - II
Lecture – I

Claussius Statement

Y. A. Çengel, M.A. Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, McGraw-Hill, 8th Ed., New York.
 ENE 303 Engineering Thermodynamics - II
Lecture – I

Reversible & Irreversible Processes

• A process that can be reversed without leaving any trace on the surroundings is called
reversible processes.
• System and the surroundings are returned to the initial state at the end of the
processes.
• Net work and heat change are equal to zero.

• Processes that are not reversible are called irreversible processes

• System and the surroundings aren’t returned to the initial state at the end of the
processes.
• Net work and heat change aren’t equal to zero.

Y. A. Çengel, M.A. Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, McGraw-Hill, 8th Ed., New York.
 ENE 303 Engineering Thermodynamics - II
Lecture – I

Importance of Reversible Processes

• Reversible processes actually do not occur in nature. Ideal Processes.

• All processes could be returned their initial states but work and energy level changes in
irreversible processes.

• Reversible processes can be viewed as theoretical limits for the corresponding

irreversible ones.

• Engineers are interested in reversible processes because work-producing devices such as heat
engines deliver the most work, and work-consuming devices such as heat pumps consume
the least work when reversible processes are used.

Y. A. Çengel, M.A. Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, McGraw-Hill, 8th Ed., New York.
 ENE 303 Engineering Thermodynamics - II
Lecture – I

Types of irreversibilities

We have 3 types of irreversibilities

• Friction
• unrestrained expansion of a gas
• Heat Transfer

Y. A. Çengel, M.A. Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, McGraw-Hill, 8th Ed., New York.
 ENE 303 Engineering Thermodynamics - II
Lecture – I

Friction

• Form of irreversibility associated with bodies in motion is called friction.

• When two bodies in contact are forced to move relative to each other, a friction
force that opposes the motion develops at the interface of these two bodies, and
some work is needed to overcome this friction force.

• The energy supplied as work is eventually converted to heat during the process and
is transferred to the bodies in contact, as evidenced by a temperature rise at the
interface.

• Therefore, any process that involves friction is irreversible.

Y. A. Çengel, M.A. Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, McGraw-Hill, 8th Ed., New York.
 ENE 303 Engineering Thermodynamics - II
Lecture – I

Unrestrained expansion of a gas

• Process occurs fast and sudden.

• The only way to restore the system to its original state is to compress it to its
initial volume, while transferring heat from the gas until it reaches its initial
temperature.

• From the conservation of energy considerations, it can easily be shown that the
amount of heat transferred from the gas equals the amount of work done on the
gas by the surroundings.

• The restoration of the surroundings involves conversion of this heat completely to

work, which would violate the second law. Therefore, unrestrained expansion of a
gas is an irreversible process.
Y. A. Çengel, M.A. Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, McGraw-Hill, 8th Ed., New York.
 ENE 303 Engineering Thermodynamics - II
Lecture – I

Heat Transfer

• Heat is transferred from the warmer room air to the cooler soda.
• For reversed process, requires some work input.
• At the end of the reverse process, the soda will be restored to its initial state, but
the surroundings will not be.
• The internal energy of the surroundings will increase by an amount equal in
magnitude to the work supplied to the refrigerator.
• The restoration of the surroundings to the initial state can be done only by
converting this excess internal energy completely to work, which is impossible to
do without violating the second law.
• Heat transfer can occur only when there is a temperature difference between a
system and its surroundings. Therefore, it is physically impossible to have a
reversible heat transfer process.
Y. A. Çengel, M.A. Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, McGraw-Hill, 8th Ed., New York.
 ENE 303 Engineering Thermodynamics - II
Lecture – I

Internally & Externally Reversible Processes

• A process is called internally reversible if no irreversibilities ocur within the

boundaries of the system during the process.

• A process is called externally reversible if no irreversibilities occur outside the

system boundaries during the process.

• A process is called totally reversible (reversible), if it involves no irreversibilities

within the system or its surroundings

• A totally reversible process involves no heat transfer through a finite temperature

difference, no nonquasi-equilibrium changes, and no friction or other dissipative
effects.

Y. A. Çengel, M.A. Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, McGraw-Hill, 8th Ed., New York.
 ENE 303 Engineering Thermodynamics - II
Lecture – I

Carnot Cycle

• The best known reversible cycle is the Carnot cycle (Carnot heat engine).

• The Carnot cycle is composed of four reversible processes;

• two isothermal
• two adiabatic
• Process steps executed either in a closed or a steady-flow system conditions.

Y. A. Çengel, M.A. Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, McGraw-Hill, 8th Ed., New York.
 ENE 303 Engineering Thermodynamics - II
Lecture – I

Carnot Cycle

Reversible isothermal expansion

Reversible Adiabatic Expansion

Reversible Isothermal Compression

Reversible Adiabatic Comnpresiion

Y. A. Çengel, M.A. Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, McGraw-Hill, 8th Ed., New York.
 ENE 303 Engineering Thermodynamics - II
Lecture – I

Carnot Principle

1. The efficiency of an irreversible heat engine is always less than the efficiency of
a reversible one operating between the same two reservoirs.

2. The efficiencies of all reversible heat engines operating between the

same two reservoirs are the same (Temperature effect).
Y. A. Çengel, M.A. Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, McGraw-Hill, 8th Ed., New York.
 ENE 303 Engineering Thermodynamics - II
Lecture – I

The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale

• A temperature scale that is independent of the properties of the substances

that are used to measure temperature is called a thermodynamic
temperature scale.

• All reversible heat engines operating between the same two reservoirs have the
same efficiency

Y. A. Çengel, M.A. Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, McGraw-Hill, 8th Ed., New York.
 ENE 303 Engineering Thermodynamics - II
Lecture – I

The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale

• For defining thermodynamicak temoerature scale we need to use absolute

temperature values. Kelvin or Rankine Scales

Y. A. Çengel, M.A. Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, McGraw-Hill, 8th Ed., New York.
 ENE 303 Engineering Thermodynamics - II
Lecture – I

Y. A. Çengel, M.A. Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, McGraw-Hill, 8th Ed., New York.
 ENE 303 Engineering Thermodynamics - II
Lecture – I

Carnot Refrigerator & Heat Pump

Y. A. Çengel, M.A. Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, McGraw-Hill, 8th Ed., New York.