Indikator Posisi Sosioekonomi

Rizka Maulida
 Soal diskusi kelompok
• Apakah yang dimaksud dengan status
sosioekonomi?
• Sebutkan apa saja yang dapat
merepresentasikan status sosioekonomi?
• Bagaimana cara mengukur status sosio
ekonomi?
• Jelaskan penerapan status sosioekonomi
dalam bidang kesehatan!
Why was there a social class gradient in
mortality on the Titanic?
Status sosioekonomi Kesenjangan
sosial
 Status Sosioekonomi

Pendapatan/
Pendidikan Pekerjaan
uang
 10

Socioeconomic Status
• Socioeconomic status (SES), or economic condition,
is usually based on three determinants: occupation,
education, and income.

• Two other factors—wealth and power—in

determining SES are closely related, but they often
are difficult to determine.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Gollnick & Chinn Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society All rights reserved.
8th Edition
 11

Education
• Education is viewed as a way to enhance SES.
• Higher family SES means a greater likelihood of
entering and completing college.
• In 2001, the median income of those with a ninth-
grade education or less was $18,990. For those
with 4 years of college or more, median income
was $55,751.
• The school one attends may determine access
into a profession (the best law firms, for example)
and the highest compensation.
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Gollnick & Chinn Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society All rights reserved.
8th Edition
 12

Occupation
• Occupation generally determines income.
• White-collar workers are those that do
office work and typically supervise others.
• Blue-collar workers are those that typically
do manual labor and work under the
supervision of others.
• One’s occupation is generally an indication
of one’s education and degree of authority
and responsibility over others.
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Gollnick & Chinn Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society All rights reserved.
8th Edition
 13

Income

• Income is the total amount of money that one

earns or comes to the individual through various
sources—one’s job, investments, royalties, rental
properties, and so forth.
• Income and wealth are not synonymous. One can
have a high income but little accumulated wealth.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Gollnick & Chinn Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society All rights reserved.
8th Edition
 14

Wealth
• The net worth of a family includes savings accounts,
insurance, corporate stock ownership, and property.
• Twenty percent of all families have zero or negative net
worth.
• The wealthiest 10% of U.S. households have net worth
of $1.3 million or more.
• Wealth provides comfort, security, and often power or
access to power.
• The 255 richest people in the world have a combined
wealth equal to the annual income of the poorer half of
the world population.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Gollnick & Chinn Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society All rights reserved.
8th Edition
 15

Power
• Those who head large corporations often set
the compensation policies that can further their
wealth.
• Those at the highest SES levels often control
the policy of the media, and they can support
ballot measures and political candidates who
benefit their interests.
• Ninety percent of individuals in families with
incomes over $75,000 vote as compared to
fifty percent of individuals in families earning
less than $15,000.
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Gollnick & Chinn Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society All rights reserved.
8th Edition
Causal inference in socioeconomic status

Reverse Causation

Confounding (omitted variable

bias)

16
 Reverse Causation

Education ? Health

Apakah pendidikan  health outcome?

Apakah health  tingkat pendidikan?

Confounding

???
• Reference: Berkman, L.F., Kawachi, I. and
Glymour, M.M. eds., 2014. Social
epidemiology. Oxford University Press.