GROUP MEMBERS

KULI FAITH ROMBE

TWINOMUGISHA MORRIS
MUGANZI JEREMIAH

HARDWARE SYSTEM
ARCHITECTURE, INSTRUCTION
SET ARCHITECTURE
 HARDWARE SYSTEM
ARCHITECTURE
Hardware architecture is the representation of an engineered (or to be
engineered) electronic or electromechanical hardware system
 The most visible part of the computer system is obviously the hardware
that makes up the system.
HARDWARE SYSTEM COMPONENTS
 Input and output devices
 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 Main Memory/ Primary Memory (ROM and RAM)
 Secondary devices(hard disk, SD plug-in cards, etc)
USES OF HARDWARE SYSTEM COMPONENTS
 The input of program text and data, as well as for
commands to the computer using a keyboard and mouse.
 A display screen is commonly used to observe output. A
printer is frequently available as an alternative output to the
screen. These are all physical components.
 Memory is provided to hold programs and data while
processing is taking place.
 Calculations and other operations in programs are
performed by a central processing unit (CPU) inside the
computer.
Continuation………….
 The CPU itself is often viewed as a composition of three primary
subunits:
 1. The arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) where arithmetic and Boolean logical
calculations are performed.
 2. The control unit (CU), which controls the processing of instructions
and the movement of internal CPU data from one part of the CPU to
another.
 3. The memory or storage unit, this stores data, programs and other
information. This unit supplies information to other units of the computer
when needed.
A bus is simply a bundle of wires that carry signals and power between
different components.
INSTRUCTION SET ARCHITECTURE
(ISA)
 Let us assume you have a high-level program written in C which is independent
of the architecture on which you want to work.
 This high-level program has to be translated into an assembly language program
which is specific to a particular architecture.
 Then there is need to execute the binary code onto a piece of hard ware.
 The question is how does the compiler get to know what particular operation that
the hardware supports.
 So the ISA is basically the interface between your hardware and the software.
Hence the only way to communicate with the hardware.
 The Instruction Set Architecture is the part of the processor that is visible to the
programmer or compiler writer.
 (A list of all commands, with all their variations, that a processor can execute).
 To command the computer, you need to speak its language and the instructions
are the words of a computer’s language and the instruction set is basically its
vocabulary.
TYPES OF INSTRUCTION SET ARCHITECTURE

 Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)

 Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC)
 Minimum Instruction Set Computer (MISC)
 Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW)
 Explicitly Parallel Instruction computing (EPIC)
 One Instruction Set Computer (OISC)
 Zero Instruction Set Computer (ZISC)
 REDUCED INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTER
(RISC)
 The main idea behind this is to make hardware simpler
by using an instruction set composed of few basic
steps for loading, evaluating, and storing operations
just like a load command will load data, a store
command will store the data
 Fewer instructions for simple operations.
 Greater efficiency when performing operations.
 One has to use many instructions if the operations are
complicated.
Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC)
 The main idea is that a single instruction will do all
loading, evaluating and storing operations just like
multiplication command will do stuff like loading data,
evaluating and storing it,
 Hence it’s complex.
 Many cycles per instruction
CLASSIFICATION OF ISA
ISAs differ based on the internal storage in a processor.
 Single accumulator organization
 General register organization
Register – register
Register – memory
Memory – memory
 Stack organization
Which names one of the general purpose registers as the accumulator and uses it to

necessarily store one of the operands. This indicates that one of the operands is

implied to be in the accumulator and it is enough if the other operand is specified

along with the instruction.

For example we want to perform
the operation A = B+C

LOAD B
ADD C
STORE A
Continuation……………….
Stack organization;
Where the operands are put into the stack and the
operations are carried out on the top of the stack.

PUSH B
PUSH C
ADD
POP A
Continuation……………….
General register organization, which specifies all the operands
explicitly. Depending on whether the operands are available in
memory or registers, it can be further classified as
– Register – register, where registers are used for storing
operands. Such architectures are in fact also
called load – store architectures, as only load and store instructions
can have memory operands.
–  Register – memory, where one operand is in a register and the
other one in memory.
– Memory – memory, where all the operands are specified as
memory operands.
Continuation……………….
Register memory
LOAD R1,B
ADD R1,C
STORE A,R1
Continuation……………….
Register Register
LOAD R1,B
LOAD R2,C
ADD R3,R1,R2
STORE A,R3