Fallacies

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WHAT IS A F@||@Cy?

Something that appears to be logical but is not

really so.
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APPEAL TO POPULACE

APPEAL TO EMOTION

RED HERRING

STRAW MAN

PERSONAL ATTACK

APPEAL TO FORCE

MISSING THE POINT

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APPEAL TO POPULACE Appeal to the Populace (Argumentum ad

Populum)
APPEAL TO EMOTION
Appealing to popularity.
RED HERRING
Eg.
STRAW MAN
Everyone seems to be chanting names of gods
PERSONAL ATTACK while welcoming the Prime Minister, therefore
god does exist, and the Prime Minister is god.
APPEAL TO FORCE

MISSING THE POINT

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APPEAL TO POPULACE Appeal to the Emotion (ad Misericordiam)

APPEAL TO EMOTION Appealing to emotion or pity.

RED HERRING Eg.

STRAW MAN The army in Kashmir is not a necessary evil, but

a much needed messiah. I met a young
PERSONAL ATTACK Kashmiri brother and sister who kneeled before
me asking me to promise them that I shall do
APPEAL TO FORCE everything in my control to prevent the army
leaving the state.
MISSING THE POINT
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APPEAL TO POPULACE Red Herring

APPEAL TO EMOTION Attempting to redirect the discussion to another

issue.
RED HERRING
Eg.
STRAW MAN
If demonetization was meant to help the
PERSONAL ATTACK economy of the country, why do we find
ourselves in such a bad economic shape today.
APPEAL TO FORCE
Give it some more time, and see what happens
MISSING THE POINT
But we have already waited nearly a year and
experiencing the damages worse each day.

You experienced the damages done by the

other ruling party for seventy years, without
complaining
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APPEAL TO POPULACE Strawman Fallacy

APPEAL TO EMOTION Substituting one position of an argument for an

exaggerated view of the argument itself.
RED HERRING
Eg.
STRAW MAN
Where do you stand on nationalism?
PERSONAL ATTACK
I believe everyone has the right to coexist
APPEAL TO FORCE provided they respect another’s position or
stand on such things, and others.
MISSING THE POINT
You mean you will let in anyone and everyone
from any and every part of the world to stay at
your own home, and remove you from there?
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APPEAL TO POPULACE Personal Attack (Ad Hominem)

APPEAL TO EMOTION Attacking or abusing someone personally.

RED HERRING Eg.

STRAW MAN Mr. Entrepreneur wants people to pay for

advertisements to run their news magazines
PERSONAL ATTACK even in third world countries because his social
network wants to make more revenue now. This
APPEAL TO FORCE decision comes from a man who made a
chicken eat chicken meat. How can you even
MISSING THE POINT begin to justify such a decision by this person?
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APPEAL TO POPULACE Appeal to Force (Argumentum ad Baculum)

APPEAL TO EMOTION Using threat or force in place of reason.

RED HERRING Eg.

STRAW MAN Wife: Do you really must forget our anniversary

every year? At least you could have brought
PERSONAL ATTACK some flowers if not a cake.

APPEAL TO FORCE Husband: The fact that I don’t throw you out of
the house is the best gift you can have.
MISSING THE POINT
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APPEAL TO POPULACE Missing the Point (Ignoratio Elenchi)

APPEAL TO EMOTION Leading to a conclusion different from the one

proposed (similar to red herring)
RED HERRING
Eg.
STRAW MAN
Britain needs a stronger NHS. We needs to
PERSONAL ATTACK spend much more in strengthening it.

APPEAL TO FORCE But NHS needs much more than just funding.
What about the corruption?
MISSING THE POINT
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AD IGNORANTIUM Missing the Point (Ignoratio Elenchi)

AD VERENCUDIAM Leading to a conclusion different from the one

proposed (similar to red herring)
FALSE CAUSE
Eg.
HASTY GENERALIZATION
Britain needs a stronger NHS. We needs to
spend much more in strengthening it.

But NHS needs much more than just funding.

What about the corruption?
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AD IGNORANTIUM Argument from Ignorance

AD VERENCUDIAM Absence of evidence taken as evidence of

absence.
FALSE CAUSE
Eg.
HASTY GENERALIZATION
What if the moon were made of cheese? No
one has proved yet that there aren’t parts of
the moon that aren’t really made of cheese.
Perhaps it is then.
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AD IGNORANTIUM Appeal to Inappropriate Authority

AD VERENCUDIAM Appealing to the reason of an authority that is

not an expert in the matter at hand.
FALSE CAUSE
Eg.
HASTY GENERALIZATION
Charles Darwin, who changed how the world
thought about itself with his theory of evolution,
held it as a principle that television was a great
menace to society.
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AD IGNORANTIUM Argument non Causa pro Causa

AD VERENCUDIAM Attributing a false cause or effect

FALSE CAUSE Eg.

HASTY GENERALIZATION The more you attribute your life to god, the
more injustice there will be in the world, for if
god was really listening he would have stopped
it from happening in the first place.
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AD IGNORANTIUM Argument from Small Numbers

AD VERENCUDIAM Taking small numbers or statistics as an sample

of general consensus or fact.
FALSE CAUSE
Eg.
HASTY GENERALIZATION
Four out of five children love to eat Shaggy
noodles, while some of them have gone on to
become scientists and sportsmen. Shaggy does
wonders, undoubtedly.