DIRECTIONAL COUPLER

Group Members:
Kriti(13000318090)
Deepak Kumar(13000318104)
Ashish Kumar Jha(13000318115)
Ashish Kumar(13000318116)
Ajeet Kumar(13000318132)
Contents:
● Definition
● Parameters
1. Coupling Factor
2. Isolation
3. Directivity
● Application
What is Directional Coupler?

● A directional coupler is an electronic component having four-port circuits with one port being isolated from the input port
and another being considered as a through port.

● The device has four ports: input, transmitted, coupled and isolated.
 Parameters:

Coupling Factor:

● The Coupling factor/Coupling Ratio is the ratio of incident power to the coupled,measured in db.

Coupling Factor = 10 log(Pi/Pc)

Where, Pi= Incident Power and Pc= Coupled Power

● So when we say a coupler that 50% ofhas a coupling value of 3 dB, it means the power is coupled to the
coupled port of the coupler and the rest of the power is routed to the output port of a coupler. If the coupling
value is 30 dB, this means that 0.1% of the power is coupled to coupled port and 99.9% of the power is
passed through to the output port of a directional coupler.
 Parameters (Contd):
Isolation:
●Isolation of a directional coupler can be defined as the difference in signals level
in db between the input portand the isolated port when the two other ports are
terminated by matched loads or isolation.
Isolation: I4,1 = -10 log( p4/p1 ) dB
Consequently: I3,2 = -10 log( p3/p2 ) dB
●The isolation between the inputs and the isolated ports may be different from the
isolation between the two output ports. For example,the isolation between ports 1
and 4 can be 30db while the isolation between ports 2 and 3 can be a different
value such as 25dB. Isolation can be estimated from the coupling plus return loss.
 Parameters (Contd):
DIRECTIVITY:
●Directivity is directly related to isolation .

Directivity: D3,4 = -10 log(P4/P3) = -10 log (P4/P3) + 10 log(P3/P1) dB

where: P3 is the output power from the coupled port and P4 is the power output from the isolated port.

●The directivity should be as high as possible. The directivity is very high at the design frequency and is a
more sensitive function of frequency because it depends on the cancellation of two wave components.
Waveguide directional couplers will have the best directivity. Directivity is not directly measurable, and is
calculated from the addition of the isolation and (negative) coupling measurements as:
D3,4 = I4,1 + C3,1 dB
●If the positive definition of coupling is used, the formulas results in:

D3,4 = I4,1 - C3,1 dB

 APPLICATIONS:
●Monitoring / Power measurements

The coupled output from the directional coupler can be used to monitor frequency and power
level on the signal without interrupting the main power flow in the system.
●Making use of isolation:

If isolation is high, directional couplers are good for combining signals to feed a single
line to server.
●Also used in:

1.Frequency measurement
2.Signal Levelling
3.Reflection Coefficient measurements
4.Signal Sampling