BIOMOLECULES

Biomolecules
• Organic molecules produced by living
organisms which consist mainly of the
elements Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and
Nitrogen.
Biomolecules
• Biomolecules are categorized into four different
classes:
• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Lipids
• Nucleic Acid
• Polymers
• It comes from the Greek word polus meaning “many”
• Repeating units of smaller molecules called Monomers
• Monomers
• It comes from the Greek word monos meaning “single”
• These monomers are joined together by covalent bond to
make various forms of each organic molecule.
Biomolecules
• Polymers are built through the process of
condensation.
• Condensation is a reaction in which two
molecules or parts of the same molecule
combine by removing water molecule.
• The opposite of Condensation is the
Hydrolysis.
• Hydrolysis occurs when the bond between
monomers is broken down with the addition
of a water molecule.
CARBOHYDRATES
Carbohydrates
• It is the most abundant class of biomolecule.
• Carbohydrates is the chief source of energy of almost
all living organisms.
• Food that are high in carbohydrates are fruits, sweets,
rice, pastas, breads, beans, potatoes, and cereals.
• Carbohydrates may be grouped into two:
• Micromolecule
• Monosaccharide
• Macromolecule
• Disaccharide
• Polysaccharide
Monosaccharide
• The simplest carbohydrates or the simple
sugars
• It is the only sugar that can be utilized and
absorbed by the body.
• Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose are
common examples of simple sugars, each
bearing the same molecular formula of
C6H12O6
Glucose
• Sometimes referred to as Dextrose
• It is the most important and most abundant
monosaccharide in nature.
• It is found in the bloodstream and provides the
immediate source of energy for the body’s cells and
tissues.
• Glucose can also be found in sweet wine, grape
sugar, blood sugar, dextrose.
GLUCOSE
Fructose
• It is known as fruit sugar as it is likely to be found in
fruits.
• It is the sweetest among all sugars.
• It can also be found in the nectars of flowers,
molasses, and honey.
FRUCTOSE
Galactose
• Galactose does not occur in freely in nature.
• It is produced in the body through the
digestion of a disaccharide Lactose.
• Galactose comes from the Greek word which
means milk.
GALACTOSE
Disaccharide
• It contains two monosaccharide units bound
together by a covalent bond known as
Glycosidic Linkage.
• The most common and most abundant
disaccharide is sucrose, which is composed
of one molecule of each two
monosaccharides D-glucose and D-fructose.
• All disaccharides has a molecular formula of
C12H22O11
Sucrose
• Also known as table sugar.
• Sucrose is mostly found in sugar beets and in sugar cane.
Lactose
• Also known as milk sugar
• Lactose contains one molecule of Glucose and one
molecule of Galactose.
Maltose
• Also known as malt sugar.
• It contains two units of glucose molecule.
Polysaccharide
• Carbohydrates that contain 10
monosaccharide units or more.
• Starch, glycogen, and cellulose are the
common polysaccharides.
• Polysaccharide are of two types:
• Homopolysaccharide
• It is formed by the same type of monosaccharide
• Starch, Glycogen, and Cellulose
• Heterosaccharide
• Those are formed by different types of monosaccharide
• Glycosamines and Peptidoglycans
Glycogen
• It is the stored carbohydrate in animals.
• Readily available energy in liver and muscle.
Starch
• Chief storage from carbohydrates in plants.
• It is also an important source of carbohydrates in
human nutrition.
• Wheat, Rice, Corn, Barley, Oats and Tubers
Cellulose
• It is a major component of the plant’s cell wall.
• Cellulose cannot be digested by man.