Chapter 7

ANALYSIS OF STRESS AND STRAIN

TRAN DINH LONG
 7.1 INTRODUCTION
Normal and shear stresses in beams in chapter 5
M VQ
  y; 
I Ib
Shear stresses in pure torsion of beam in chapter 3;
principle stress in 450 direction
T
 
I
  
45
  max
P

Normal stresses in axial loading in chapter 2

P
 
A
 7.2 PLANE STRESS

FIG. 7.1 Elements in plane stress: (a) three-dimensional view of an

element oriented to the xyz axes, (b) two-dimensional view of the
same element, and (c) two-dimensional view of an element
oriented to the x1y1z1 axes
sign convention of stresses
The sign convention for normal stresses
is the familiar one, namely, tension is
positive and compression is negative

A shear stress is positive when the

directions associated with its subscripts
are plus-plus or minus-minus;

 xy   yx (7.1)
 Stresses on Inclined Sections

Transformation equations for plane stress

x  y  x  y
x   cos 2   xy sin 2
1
2 2
 x  y (7.2)
x y   sin 2   xy cos 2
1 1
2
 x  y  x  y
1 1 (7.3)
This equation shows that the sum of the normal stresses
acting on perpendicular faces of plane-stress elements is
constant and independent of the angle .
Special Cases of Plane Stress
x
x   1  cos 2 
1
2
x (7.4)
x y   sin 2 .
1 1
2

FIG. 8-2 Element in uniaxial stress

 y  0; xy  0.
Pure shear (pure torsion of beam) x y  0
 x   xy sin 2
1

 x y   xy cos 2 .
1 1 (7.5)

FIG. 8-3 Element in pure shear stress

Biaxial stress  xy  0
x  y  x  y
x   cos 2
1
2 2
(7.6)
 x  y
x y   sin 2
1 1
2

FIG. 8-4 Element in biaxial stress

 7.2 EXAMPLES
Determine the stresses acting on an element inclined at an angle = 45°

FIG. 7-5 Element in plane stress

Result
Determine the stresses acting on an element that is oriented at a
clockwise angle of 15° with respect to the original element.

FIG. 8-6 Element in plane stress Result

 7.3 PRINCIPAL STRESSES AND MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESSES

Principal Stresses
The maximum and minimum normal stresses
d x1 2 xy
 0;  tan 2 p  (7.7)
d  x  y
The subscript p indicates that the angle p defines the orientation of
the principal planes.
The two values of p are known as the principal angles
 p   p  90
1 2
(7.8)
 Principal Stresses
2
x  y   x  y 
 1/ 2       2
xy (7.9)
2  2 
1   2   x   y
Principal Angles
2 xy
tan 2 p1/ 2  (7.10)
 x  y

to find p for 1 or 2, substitute it into the eq. (7.2) for stresses
inclined section
 Maximum Shear Stresses
 x  y
x y   sin 2   xy cos 2 (7.2)
1 1
2
d x1 y1  x  y
0 tan 2 s     cot 2 p (7.11)
d 2 xy

 s   p  45 (7.12)
2
  x  y  1   2
 max      2
xy  max  (7.13)
 2  2
 Important equations
x  y  x  y
x   cos 2   xy sin 2
1
2 2
(7.2)
 x  y
x y   sin 2   xy cos 2
1 1
2
2 xy
 x   y   x   y (7.3) tan 2 p  (7.7)
1 1
 x  y
2
x  y   x  y 
 1/ 2       xy
2
(7.9)
2  2 
1   2
 s   p  45 
(7.12)  max  (7.13)
2
 Example

An element in plane stress is subjected to

stresses as shown in Fig. 7.7. (a) Determine
the principal stresses and show them on a
sketch of a properly oriented element.
(b) Determine the maximum shear stresses
and show them on a sketch of a
properly oriented element. (Consider only the
in-plane stresses.)
FIG. 7-7 Element in plane stress
  x  12, 300 psi
 y  4, 200 psi
 xy  4, 700 psi

FIG. 7-8 Results (a) Element in principle stresses,

(b) element in maximum shear stresses
 7.4 HOOKE’S LAW FOR PLANE STRESS

Fig. 7.9 Element of material in

Fig. 7.10 Element of material
plane stress
subjected to normal strains
Normal strains: ϵx, ϵy, ϵz
ϵx due to x is x/E and due to y is -y/E (axial loading)
 1
x 
E
  x  y 
1
 y    y  x  (7.14)
E

z 
E
 x  y 

 xy
 xy  (7.15)
G
Material constants relationship
E
G
2  1   (7.16)
 Volume Change
V0  a.b.c

V1   a  a x  .  b  b y  .  c  c z 

V V  V0
e  1  x  y  z (7.17)
V0 V0
 7.5 HOOKE’S LAW
x 
1
E

 x    y   z  
1
 y    y    x   z   (7.18)
E
z 
1
E

 z    x   y  
 xy  yz  zx
 xy  ;  yz  ;  zx 
G G G
 Homework Assignment
• 7.2
• 7.3
• 7.5