Bioenergy

• Bioenergy is one of many diverse resources

available to help meet our demand for energy.
• It is a form of renewable energy that is derived
from recently living organic materials known as
biomass, which can be used to produce
transportation fuels, heat, electricity, and
products.
 Application of Bioenergy
• Bioenergy is major stake holder in meeting global future energy needs.
• This contribution can be extended significantly in the near future, by reducing the greenhouse
gas emission and saving environment, as well as improving trade balances, contributing to
energy security, providing opportunities for socioeconomical development in rural areas.
• Bioenergy could sustainably a third of global primary energy supply by 2050.
• Bioenergy is the only renewable source that can replace fossil fuels in all energy markets in the
production of heat, electricity, and fuels for transport.
• Many bioenergy principles can be used to convert biomass feedstock into final bioenergy
products.
• The technologies for producing heat and power from feedstock are already well defined and
fully commercialized.
• A wide variety of conversion technologies are under construction, with improved competence,
lower costs and improved environmental protection.
• However, the possible competition between raw materials for bioenergy with other biomass
applications must be carefully answered.
• The output of biomass feedstock and food grains needs to be increased by good agricultural
practices.
• Logistics and infrastructure issues should be spoken off, and there is need for further scientific
innovations leading to more competent and cleaner conversion of more assorted feedstock.
 Biomass
• Biomass refers to organic material from plants or animals.
• This includes wood, sewage, and ethanol (which comes from corn or
other plants). Biomass energy can also be a non-renewable energy
source.
• We use four types of biomass today—wood and agricultural
products,solid waste, landfill gas and biogas, and alcohol fuels (like
Ethanol or Biodiesel).
• Most biomass used today is home grown energy. Wood—logs, chips,
bark, and sawdust—accounts for about 44 percent of biomass energy.
• The most common biomass materials used for energy are plants, wood,
and waste.
• These are called biomass feedstocks. Combustion systems for burning
biomass vary from small stoves to multi-megawatt combined heat and
power (CHP) systems. Combustion is best suited to biofuels with low
moisture content, as it uses a portion of the energy to evaporate the
water.
 Bio Gas Plant by Kitchen waste

• RECYCLING OF KITCHEN WASTE TO GET Biogas

• Biogas can be produced from any raw materials
like
• Agriculture waste (wheat straw, Rice Straw)
• Wood chips
• Manure
• Municipal Waste
• Plant Material
• Sewage
• Food or Green waste
• Biogas Production
•
 USES OF BIOGAS
• Biogas can replace LPG to some extent.
• It can be used as fuel in running machines like
vehicles
• It can be used to produce electricity.
• The digested sludge is used as manure directly.
• ADVANTAGES OF BIOGAS
• No environmental effects .
• No loss of mass.
• It is cheaper and affordable.
 Manufacturing of Biogas
• BIOGAS is a mixture of gases which are produced due to anaerobic fermentation of
any organic matter.
• Biogas is produced by the anaerobic degradation of animal wastes like cow-dung or
plant wastes in the presence of water.
• production is a COMPLEX process which include several kinds of MICROORGANISMS
like Bacteria , Fungi
• The complete process is more of a symbiosis between many microorganisms.
• The biogas plant has a dome-like structure built with bricks. A slurry of cow-dung
and water is made in the mixing tank from where it is fed into the digester. The
digester is a sealed chamber in which there is no oxygen. Anaerobic micro-organisms
that do not require oxygen decompose or break down complex
compounds of the cow-dung slurry. It takes a few days for the decomposition
process to be complete and generate gases. The biogas is stored in the gas tank
above the digester from which they are drawn through pipes for use.
• Biogas is a mixture of methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and hydrogen sulphide.
The major constituent of biogas is methane.
Methane 50 70
Carbon Dioxide 25 50
Hydrogen 0 - 1
Nitrogen 0 - 10
Hydrogen Sulfide 0 - 3
Oxygen 0 - 0.5
Biogas Plant Diagram
 Biogas
• FUNGI It produces BIOGAS mainly from materials
containing high LIGNOCELLULOSE.
• Fungi can produce Biogas from food waste but the
yeild is very low which is uneconomical.
•
SUBSTRATE LIGNIN CONTENT FUNGI

TYPE EXAMPLES
Hydrolytic Bacteria Bacillus,Cellulomonas, Eubacterium
Acedogenic Bacteria Propionibacterium,
Butyrivibrio,Acetovibrio
Acetogenic Bacteria Clostridia,Acetovibrio
Methanogenic Bacteria Methanococcus, Methanobacterium
 Biomass
• ENHANCEMENT IN YIELD Introducing H2 Producing Bacteria
(Bio augmentation)
• In the overall process, conversion of H2 and CO2 to
methane(CH4) is the rate limiting step.
• Co2 H2 methanogenotropic bacteria CH4
• From the studies, it is evident that production of high H2
leads to production of high CH4
• From the study done by K.L.Kovax et.al, the H2 producing
bacteria enhanced the production of BIOGAS.
 Biogas
• It is an underground floating drum type
fermentor.
• The initially digested slurry is transferred into
the fermentor through a pipe by gravity (as the
fermentors are held in different heights).
• Acetogenesis and Methenogenesis are done in this
stage.
• The mixing is done by recirculating the formed
gas.
• The fully fermented sludge is drived out of the
fermentor through the opening present at the
bottom.
 Gas Purification
• GAS PURIFICATION WATER SCRUBBING
• Carbon dioxide is soluble in water.
• Water scrubbing uses the higher solubility of
CO2 in water to separate the CO2 from biogas.
•  This process is done under high pressure and
removes H2S as well as CO2.
• The main disadvantage of this process is that it
requires a large volume of water that must be
purified and recycled.
• COMPARISION METHANE
• LPG
• Calorific value of methane is 38.7 MJ/m3
• Therefore ,total energy from 1500m3 is equal to
58050 MJ
• This is the one time investment and Just
maintenance costs
• Calorific value of LPG is 93.2 MJ/m3
• The total energy from 766 m3 is equal to 71391 MJ
• As per now, the cost for 100 cylinders exceeds
RS 70,000 and this is a daily investment
 Municipal WASTE
• (MSW ) can also be converted into liquid and gaseous biofuels for production of heat and power or be
used as a transport fuel. Typically, management of domestic wastes involves separation at source into:
• Recylable materials (metals, paper and plastics) - used for manufacture of recycled products
• Organic fraction (putrescible food waste) - may be converted to biogas via anaerobic digestion
• Solid Recovered Fuel SRF (the fraction of MSW that cannot be recycled e.g. shredded textiles, wood,
paper, card and plastics) - SRF can be combusted or converted to syngas, and then be use for
bioenergy or be processed into advanced biofuels.
• Municipal solid waste (MSW) (also called trash) consists of everyday items such as product packaging,
yard trimmings, furniture, clothing, bottles and cans, food, newspapers, appliances, electronics and
batteries.
• An advantage of using MSW is that the feedstock is often supplied for free by Waste Managament
companies (as an alternative to landfill, with the economics in many cases driven by landfill taxation).
This balances the relatively high capital expenditure required for an integrated gasification system and
fuels synthesis facility (for example, based on Fischer Trospch or catalytic conversion) to convert
syngas to diesel, jet fuel, or methanol/ethanol.
• Incineration
• Incineration, the combustion of organic material such as waste with energy recovery, is the most
common .
• One way to generate electricity is to burn solid waste, like the material found in landfills. ... That
thermal energy is transformed into electrical energy, usually by turning a turbine. Another energy
resource that comes from our garbage is the methane gas that is produced as the waste decays.
• Separated municipal solid waste (MSW) is considered to be a renewable resource.
 Muncipal Waste
• Municipal and household waste is directly combusted in large waste to energy
incinerators as a fuel with minimal processing known as mass burning. ... Steam or
the oxygen in the air is reacted at high temperature with the available carbon in the
waste material to produce gases such as carbon monoxide, hydrogen and methane.
• Plastic is made from refined crude oil. ... Gasification involves heating the waste
plastic with air or steam, to produce a valuable industrial gas mixtures called
“synthesis gas”, or syngas. This can then be used to produce diesel and petrol, or
burned directly in boilers to generate electricity.
• Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of organic
substances contained in waste materials. Incineration and other high-temperature
waste treatment systems are described as "thermal treatment". Incineration of
waste materials converts the waste into ash, flue gas and heat.
• Working Mechanism
• COLLECTION OF WASTE
• SEGGREGATION
• CRUSHING
• MIXING
Flowchart –Municipal Waste Treatment