CMR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

A MAJOR PROJECT
PHASE-II REPORT

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON STABILIZATION OF CLAYEY SOIL USING RUBBER AND

FLYASH

By:
Under the Guidance of :
1. 18H51A0188- S.SAI VAMSHI
Mr. AP. RAVICHANDRA.
2. 18H51A01A7-M.GAYATHRI
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
3. 19H55A0107-K.BHAGYALAXMI
Objectives of Project
 To evalute the effect of optimum fly ash and optimum shredded
rubber tyres on California bearing ratio (CBR) unconfined
compressive strength.
 To evaluate and know the importance of strength of clay soil
stabilisation with flyash and shredded rubber tyres.
 To reduce the settlement of soil.
 To increase the load bearing capacity and shear strength of
subgade.
Table of Contents
• Abstract
• Objectives
• Introduction
• Materials
• Methodology
• Tests
• References
ABSTRACT
Working with the clayey soil is a challenging aspect for civil Engineers due to low strength,high compressibility and high
level of volumetric changes. Hence soil Reinforcement and stabilizing the soil with additives like fly ash, lime, and cement are
the possible choices for improving the performance of clayey soil. Fly ash is one of the most plentiful and versatile of the
industrial byproduct which improves the strength of soil.
With the rapidly growing number of vehicles around the world, the disposal of the waste and discarded tyres is a serious concern
worldwide.There are few investigations reported in the literature with respect to the use of the regenerated rubber derived from
the waste tyres in the construction of pavements.The shredded rubber fibers have some good physical and chemical properties to
improve the soil strength, bearing capacity. These shredded rubber tyres are randomly oriented with in the soil mass.By using
suchwaste in efficient manner the problem of its disposal will get eliminated on one hand and reduce the environmental
concern on the other hand.The use of such waste is found to improve the performance and strength of the pavement.
The investigation focusses on effect of fly ash varying from 5 to 25% increments of 5% on clayey soil. Then the soil is blended
with shredded rubber tyre of size 2mm-5mm from 2% to 10% (at 2%, 4%, and 6%, 8% and 10%) by weight of soil. Determining
the geotechnical characteristics and strength by conducting unconfined compressive strength, California bearing ratio.
Determining optimum dosage of fly ash and shredded rubber tyre by conducting Unconfined Compressive Strength test.
California Bearing ratio test conducted from the optimum dosage of fly ash and shredded rubber tyres. The results of study on
soil samples would be presented in relative manner quantifying the performance criteria in terms of Strength and volume
stability.
 Introduction
 Soil is one of the most important and primary media for any construction work. It supports the
structure and the sub structure, to hold the structure soil must have good shear strength.
 The civil engineering structures like building, bridge, highway, tunnel, dam, tower, etc. are founded
below or on the surface of the earth. For their stability, suitable foundation soil is required.
 Soil stabilization is a process by which a soils physical property are transformed to provide long-term
permanent strength gains. Stabilization is accomplished by increasing the shear strength and the
overall bearing capacity of a soil. Once stabilized, a solid monolith is formed that decreases the
permeability, which in turn reduces the shrink/swell potential and harmful effects of freeze/thaw
cycles.
 Hence soil Reinforcement and stabilizing the soil with additives like fly ash, lime, and cement are the
possible choices for improving the performance of clayey soil. Fly ash is one of the most plentiful and
versatile of the industrial byproduct which improves the strength of soil. The shredded rubber fibers
have some good physical and chemical properties to improve the soil strength, bearing capacity. These
shredded rubber tyres are randomly oriented with in the soil mass.
 So to stabilize the clayey soil fly ash and shredded rubber fiber added together to the soil in different
percentages.
 Literature Review
R.S.Shinde, Divya Kamble-2019

• Stabilization of soil and Rubber crumb by using CBR test:

This study states that CBR value increases with increasing rubber upto 10% after it will deceases. If the percentage of rubber
crumb increases more than 10%, the soil gradually decreases addition of crumb rubber crumb due to rubber mix CBR value
increases and thickness of pavement decreases.

• Subgrade performance of expansive soils stabilised with crumb rubber and fly ash.

In this work, the possibility of using crumb rubber powder was an additive to improve the strength of soft soil was investigated.
The investigation revealed that crumb rubber powder(CRP) altered the engineering properties of problem clay and 5% CRP has
been chosen as the optimum CRP to get desired properties.The OMC and MDD values are getting decreased gradually with
increase in addition of crumb rubber.The UCS value increased with increase in % of crumb rubber content and the optimum
percentage of crumb rubber was observed at 10% and 15%.There is a significant increase in CBR values with increase in
addition of both crumb rubber at 16 % addition which is increased to 9.45% from 4.4%.
B.Manjula Devi, H.S. chore-2019

Use of reclaimed rubber cell in highway pavement:An experimental research

Based on the limited experimental investigations carried out on the reclaimed rubber cell reinforced model pavement, it can
be deduced that the use of reclaimed rubber cell within the sub-base of the pavement increases the load carrying capacity of
the pavement and reduce the settlement. The use of such waste materials in the pavement will not only provide viable
solution to its disposal which otherwise would result into an environmental concern, but also effective utilization of such
material as the sustainable construction material in the field of road development.

Atul A. Pasalkar, Amol A. Wagh-2015

Use of waste tyre rubbers in flexible road pavement:

This study states addition of waste tyre in rubber aggregate modifies the flexibility of surface layer. The waste tyre is used
with aggregate in different layer on the top surface layer mixed with bitumen in percentage(5,10,15) by replacing it which
increases mixed properties of bitumen as well as aggregate and minimaize the pollution occured due to waste tyre and also
use rubber waste is economical as compared to other material.
MATERIALS
CLAYEY SOIL

• Clay minerals are called secondary silicates, because they are formed from the weathering of primary rock-
forming minerals. Clay minerals occur in small particle sizes (<0.002mm) and are very fine grained and flake
shaped; they are separated from sand, gravel and silt due to the negative electrical load on the crystal edges
and positive electrical load on thematerial. The resulting soil is quite sticky since there is not much space
between the mineral particles, and it does not drain well at all.

Clayey soil
Rubber chips
Rubber shreds are produced in tyre cutting machines. These cutting machines can slit the tyre into two
halves and can separate the sidewalls from the tread of the tyre. Slit tyres have a lot of exposed steel
belts. The shredding process results in exposure of steel belt fragments with along the edges of the tyre
shreds.

Rubber Chips
Flyash:
COMPOSITION OF FLY ASH
SI NO
PARAMETER PERCENT BY
MASS
1 SILICA(Sio2) 51.57
2 ALUMINA(Ai2o3) 22.57
3 IRON((Fe2o3) 14.91
4 CALCIUM(Cao) 4.82
5 MAGNESIUM(Mgo) 1.74
6 SULPUR(So3) 0.99
7 LOSS OF IGNITION 3.56
8 Na2 + K2O 0.68

Composition of Fly ash

METHODOLOGY
COLLECTION OF MATERIALS
STAGE 1 STAGE 2
Evaluation of physical Determination of optimum
and engineering dosage of Fly ash and
properties of clayey Shredded Rubber tyres by
soil performing Uconfined
compressive Strength test.
STAGE 3
Evaluation of strength
properties of
clay+Optimum dosage of
fly ash and shredded
rubber tyres by conducting
various lab experiments.
DESCRIPTION OF MIX:
RATIOS MIX PROPORTIONS

R0 SOIL
R1 SOIL + 5% OF FLY ASH
R2 SOIL + 10% OF FLY ASH

R3 SOIL + 15 % OF FLY ASH

R4 SOIL + 20% OF FLY ASH

R5 SOIL + 25% OF FLY ASH

R6 SOIL + 2% OF SHREDDED RUBBER TYRES

R7 SOIL + 4% OF SHREDDED RUBBER TYRES

R8 SOIL + 6% OF SHREDDED RUBBER TYRES

R9 SOIL + 8% OF SHREDDED RUBBER TYRES

R10 SOIL + 10% OF SHREDDED RUBBER TYRES

R11 SOIL + OPTIMUM DOSAGE OF FLY ASH +

OPTIMUM DOSAGE OF SHREDDED RUBBER
TYRES
Tests
● Liquid limit and plastic limit-IS-2720-Part5
● Free Swell Index -IS 2720 Part40
● Specific gravity Test-IS 2386-Part1
● California Bearing Ratio Test-IS 2386-Part3
● Proctor Test-IS-2720-Part7
● Direct shear Test-IS-2720-Part13
● Permeability Test-IS-2720-Part8
PROPERTIES OF SOIL:
PROPERTIES DESCRIPTION
Specific Gravity GS 2.621

Liquid Lmit (%) 58.4

Plastic Limit (%) 30

Plasticity Index (%) 28.4

Soil classification C-H

Optimum Moisture Content(%) 20

Free swell Index (%) 33.33

Unconfined Compressive Strength(KN/m2) 72.58

California Bearing Ratio(%) 1.19

DETERMINATION OF OPTIMUM DOSAGE OF FLY ASH AND SHREDDED RUBBER TYRES

Unconfined Compressive Strength:

• The primary purpose of the Unconfined Compression Test is to quickly determine a
measure of the unconfined compressive strength of rocks or fine-grained soils that
possess sufficient cohesion to permit testing in the unconfined state.
• The unconfined compression test is the most popular method of soil shear testing
because it is one of the fastest and least expensive methods of measuring shear strength.
Unconfined Compressive Strength of soil
with Different percentage of Fly ash
SI NO MATERIALS UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH (kN/m2)
1 SOIL 72.583

2 SOIL+5% FLY ASH 102.228

3 SOIL+10% FLY ASH 120.028

4 SOIL+15% FLY ASH 136.056

5 SOIL+20% FLY ASH 132.764

6 SOIL+25% FLY ASH 125.290

UCS Results with soil and fly ash

Unconfined Compressive Strength of soil with
Different percentage of Shredded Rubber Tyres

SI NO MATERIAL UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE

STRENGTH(KN/m2)
1 SOIL 72.583

2 SOIL+2% SHREDDED RUBBER TYRES 137.124

3 SOIL+4% SHREDDED RUBBER TYRES 148.510

4 SOIL+6% SHREDDED RUBBER TYRES 149.570

5 SOIL+8% SHREDDED RUBBER TYRES 134.631

6 SOIL+10% SHREDDED RUBBER TYRES 129.543

• UCS Results with Soil and Shredded Rubber Tyres

• The Unconfined Compressive Strength of soil with Fly ash obtained
Maximum at soil+Fly ash = 136.056 KN/m2.
• The Unconfined compressive Strength of soil with Shredded rubber
tyres obtained maximum at soil+Shredded rubber tyres =149.570
KN/m2.
 CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TEST:
• CBR is the ratio expressed in percentage of force per unit area required to
penetrate a soil mass with a standard circular plunger of 50 mm diameter at the
rate of 1.25 mm/min to that required for corresponding penetration in a standard
material. The ratio is usually determined for penetration of 2.5 and 5 mm .
CBR TEST ON CLAYEY SOIL WITH 15% FLY ASH
PENETRATION(MM) PROVING RING CORRESPONDING CBR value(%)
READING(mm) LOAD(Kg)
0 0 0

0.5 12.8 13.410

1 19 19.893

1.5 23.2 24.290

2 26.4 27.640

2.5 28.8 30.153 2.200

3 30.6 32.038

3.5 32 33.504

4 33.2 34.760

4.5 34.2 35.807

5 35.2 36.854 1.793

5.5 36.1 37.796

6 37.2 38.948
• The CBR value obtained at the 2.5 mm penetration for soil +15% Fly
Ash (optimum) = 2.20% and the value increased compared with only
soil.
REFERENCES:
● https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325378849_Stabilization_of_san
dy_soil_using_recycle_waste_tire_chips
● https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341765475_Effectiveness_of_cru
mb_rubber_for_subgrade_soil_stabilization
● https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336976108_Investigation_on_the
_Use_of_Crumb_Rubber_and_Bagasse_Ash_in_Road_Construction
● https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950061814011702
● CODE BOOKS-IS -2720(Part VII),IS-2720(Part X VI)