BADDI UNIVERSITY OF EMERGING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

MINOR PROJECT
7TH SEMESTER
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Beneficial Effects of Steel Slag on Concrete

Done by
13UME103
13UME104
13UCE006
13UCE024
13UCE025
13UCE026
13UCE027
13UCE028
13UCE029
13UCE030
Guided by-
Er Girish Sharma Submitted to:
Assistant Professor Er Rishav Garg
Department of Civil Engineering HOD
Department of Civil Engineering
 Introduction
Global warming and environmental destruction has come forward as a major issue in the recent
years. Started alarming in engineers mind, especially in civil engineers mind. Looking forward for
finding out the solution of these issues and also the use of more and more environmental-
friendly materials in every Industry particularly construction industry is a paramount importance.
Civil engineers start thinking about concrete, which is more dominant product to be used by civil
engineers to make it environmental friendly. One of its part is natural aggregates which are
becoming increasingly scarce, their production and shipment is becoming difficult for us.
Concrete mixture contains supplementary cementitious material and admixtures which forms
part of the cementitious component. These materials are majority byproducts from other
processes, out of all these materials one of the useful byproduct material is Steel slag. Steel slag is
previously used as aggregate in hot mix asphalt surface applications, but needs to update for
additional work to determine the feasibility of utilizing this industrial by-product more wisely as a
replacement for both fine and coarse aggregates in a conventional concrete mixture. The primary
aim of study was to evaluate the Hardened properties of concrete made with steel slag
aggregates. This study presents result of experimental investigations carried out to evaluate
effects of replacing coarse aggregate with that of slag on various concrete properties. From these
results of the study we can say that as the percentage of steel slag as replacement is increased
(0% to 30%) the strength of concrete increases. After 30% replacement of Coarse aggregate as
steel slag slight decrease in strength is observed. In today’s sinario steel plants all most all
producing 3-7 tonnes of waste which includes the solid, liquid and gas are generated for every ton
of steel produced. Steel slag is one of the wastes produced by steel making units in excess
quantities, with the increment of these quantities disposal is big environment concern and a
critical issue.
 What is Steel Slag

Steel slag, a by-product of steel making, is

produced during the separation of the molten
steel from impurities in steel-making furnaces.
The slag occurs as a molten liquid melt and is a
complex solution of silicates and oxides that
solidifies upon cooling
 Methodology

The grade of concrete for this study was selected to be

M35. The mix design was prepared in accordance to
IS10262:2009. The cement used in this study was Ultratech
PPC Cement. Sand was used as fine aggregate and coarse
aggregate was natural aggregate with steel slag as some
percentage. No admixture was used in this study.
Compressive Strength of cubes with different percentage of
steel slag as coarse aggregate was checked and results were
prepared. Flexural strength and split tensile strength of
concrete are not checked in this study. The strengths were
compared and results were prepared.
 Preparing Mix design
Mix Design 
• Grade of Concrete: M35
• Water Cement Ratio: 0.45
• Nominal Size of Aggregate: 20mm
• Plasticizer Used: No
• Value of slump: 50mm
• Type of Concrete: M35
• Zone of Aggregate: II
• Specific Gravity of cement: 3.15
• Specific Gravity of Coarse aggregate: 2.67
• Specific Gravity of Fine aggregate: 2.62
• Water Absorption of Fine aggregate: 1.0%
• Water Absorption of Coarse aggregate: 0.2%
• Free Moisture of Coarse Aggregate: 0.2%
• Free Moisture of Fine Aggregate: 0.2%
• Quantity of Mix = 1 m3
• Target Strength: 43.25N/mm2
• Final Value of cement: 413.333 kg
• Final water content: 194.741kg
• Mass of Fine Aggregate: 661.906 kg
• Mass of Coarse Aggregate: 1148.538kg
 Testing of Material
• Sand
Zone - II
Specific Gravity - 2.67
Water absorption - 1.0%
• Coarse Aggregate
Specific Gravity - 2.62
Water absorption - 0.2%
• Cement
Specific Gravity - 3.15
Initial Setting Time - 31min
Final Setting time – 560min
Soundness of cement – 8mm expansion
 Casting of Cubes
The concrete cubes were casted in standard moulds. Size of
mould was 150mm*150mm*150mm. Concrete was prepared in
concrete mixer. Moulds were oiled from inside and concrete was
poured in it. They were leveled on the top face and symbol of
group was written on top of cube.
 Placing of Concrete Cubes in Curing tank

After one day of casting moulds were opened and concrete cubes were
placed in curing tank for curing. Curing of concrete cubes is done because
Curing is the process of controlling the rate and extent of moisture loss from
concrete to ensure an uninterrupted hydration of Portland cement after
concrete has been placed and finished in its final position. Curing also
ensures to maintain an adequate temperature of concrete in its early ages,
as this directly affects the rate of hydration of cement and eventually the
strength gain of concrete or mortars. Curing of concrete must begin as soon
as possible after placement & finishing and must continue for a reasonable
period of time as per the relevant standards, for the concrete to achieve its
desired strength and durability. Uniform temperature should also be
maintained throughout the concrete depth to avoid thermal shrinkage
cracks. Also protective measures to control moisture loss from the concrete
surface are essential to prevent plastic shrinkage cracks.
 Checking of Compressive Strength of Concrete

The compressive strength of concrete cubes were checked after

7days,14days and 28 days curing respectively. The cube was
placed in compression machine and loading was applied on the
cube. The load at which the concrete cube breaks is noted and
divided by the cross sectional area of cube i.e.
150mm*150mm*150mm and the strength is calculated. The unit
of the strength of concrete cube is MPa.
 Results and Discussion

The compressive strength of all concrete cubes were checked

and compared to the strength of cubes casted with no steel slag.
The result came out to be that the compressive strength of
concrete increased up to 30% replacement of coarse aggregate
with steel slag but when the replacement was 40% , the
compressive strength of concrete decreased. This shows that the
compressive strength of concrete increases up to some
percentage replacement of coarse aggregate with steel slag and
starts decreasing with further increase in percentage of steel
slag.
 Table showing comparison of Compressive
Strengths of concrete Cubes

Sr.No. Percentage of Steel Slag(%) 7 days Compressive 14days Compressive 28days Compressive
Strength(MPa) Strength(MPa) Strength(MPa)

1 0 22.76 31.80 35.64

2 10 23.31 32.92 36.90

3 20 23.93 33.52 37.73

4 30 24.44 33.76 38.63

5 40 23.44 32.17 35.57

 Comparison of Compressive Strengths in form
of graph
45

40

35

30

25
7days Compressive Strength
14days Compressive Strength
20 28days Compressive Strength

15

10

0
0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
 Conclusion
• So the conclusion comes out to be that the compressive strength of concrete
increases by replacing coarse aggregate with steel slag but only up to some
percentage. In our study the strength increased up to 30% replacement of coarse
aggregate with steel slag and started decreasing with further increase in
percentage of steel slag.
• Strength of M35 grade of concrete increases with increases in steel slag quantity.
The improvement in strength may be due to shape, size and surface texture of
steel slag aggregate, which provide better adhesion between the particles and
cement paste.
• The cost of slag is almost 50% of that of natural aggregate also it is economical to
use the Steel Industrial waste product. Also it could be easily used as coarse and
fine aggregate in all plain concrete applications . As we know that Steel Slag is a
waste product and is just costless so it’s use in concrete will reduce the
production cost of concrete. Also it will reduce use of Natural Aggregate because
rapid use of natural aggregate may lead to decrease in their quantity.