TOPIC : STUDY DESIGNS – Calculations

Case control study : Odds ratio

Cohort study : risk ratio and attributable risk

RCT : NNT ( Number needed to treat )

Case control study : Odds ratio

CASES CONTROLS

EXPOSED
70 (a) 20 (b)
NOT EXPOSED
30 (c) 80(d)
100 100

Odds of exposure in cases: a/c = 70/30

Odds ratio: ad/bc
Odds of exposure in controls: b/d = 20/80
70 x 80 = 9.1
Odds ratio: ad/bc 30 x 20
Cohort study : risk ratio

Iexp = 30 /100
Inon-exp = 10/100

RR = Ie / Ine
= 30/10
=3
Cohort study : attributable risk Iexp = 30 /100

Inon-exp = 10/100

AR =Ie – Ine
Ie

AR (%) = RR-1
RR
= 3-1/3
= 66%
  
RCT : NNT ( Number needed to treat )

Efficacy of drug : 

• Statistical significance : P value -- tests of significance

• Clinical significance : NNT

NNT (Number needed to treat ): 

• Number of patients to be treated to get one beneficial

outcome

• NNT of 1 : ideal value for a drug 

• Lesser the NNT  : More efficacy 

 SUCCESS RATES :
Absolute risk reduction (ARR) = 70-60 = 10%
TREATMENT GROUP = 70%

CONTROL GROUP = 60%

NNT = 100/ARR = 10
Mortality Treatment Placebo

Yes 60 80
No 40 20
100 100

MORTALITY RATES :
Absolute risk reduction (ARR) = 80-60 = 20%
TREATMENT GROUP = 60%

CONTROL GROUP = 80%

NNT = 100/ARR = 5
1. A case control study was done for association of rubber and bladder
carcinoma. Out of total cases 80% are exposed and in controls 40% are
exposed. Calculate odds ratio.

a. 6
b. 2
c. 3
d. Data is insufficient CASES CONTROLS

EXPOSED
80 40
OR = 80 x 60 = 6 NOT EXPOSED
20 60
20 x 40
100 100
 2. For the table given below in the image. Which of the following is true
:

a. Odds ratio will be more than 1

b. The study is showing positive association
c. The study is showing negative association
d. Exposure is more in cases compared to controls
CASES CONTROLS

EXPOSED
60 80
OR = 60 x 20 =0.37
80 x 40 NOT EXPOSED
40 20
100 100
 • 3: Calculate risk ratio for the in formation given below:

a. 2
b. 4
c. 6
d. 8

RR = Ie / Ine
Iexp = 120 /6000 Inon-exp = 30 /6000
= 120/30
=4
 • 4: Calculate attributable risk from the study findings shown below :

a. 60%
b. 70%
c. 80%
d. 90%

AR (%) = RR-1
Iexp = 30 /3000 RR = Ie / Ine RR
= 10-1/10

Inon-exp = 3 /3000 = 30/3

= 10
= 90%
 5. Calculate NNT from the trial data shown below :

a. 5
b. 10
c. 15
d. 20 

ARR = 40-30 = 10%

NNT = 100/ARR = 10