Professional Documents
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BACTERIOLOGY
(Bacteriology-I)
AAU/SMLS/Bacteriology-I/Gebru M.
2010 1
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
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Historical background
Microbiology is a subject which deals with living
organisms that are individually too small to be seen
with the naked eye.
It considers the microscopic forms of life and deals
about their reproduction, physiology, and participation
in the process of nature, helpful and harmful
relationship with other living things, and significance in
science and industry
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Medical Bacteriology: - it involves the study of bacterial
pathogens, the disease caused by them, and the body’s
defenses against these diseases.
It is also concerned with epidemiology, transmission of
pathogens, disease prevention measures, and aseptic
techniques, treatment of bacterial infectious diseases,
immunology, and the production of vaccines to protect
against infectious disease.
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Relative Sizes of Pathogenic microorganisms
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Distribution of microorganisms in nature
Microorganisms can be found nearly everywhere as
normal inhabitants of the earth (biosphere).
They exist in soil, water, air, in our food, in our clothing, in
our body etc.
Microorganisms can also survive in most unlikely
environment like in cold air, in hot springs at temperatures
of 900C.
Microorganisms inhabit the surface of living human and
animal bodies and grow abundantly in the mouth and
intestinal tract.
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Actually only a small percentage microbes are
pathogenic, few are able to cause disease. The others
are considered beneficial or harmless, or they cause
disease only if they accidentally invade the wrong place
at the right time such as when the host immunity is low.
These microbes are considered opportunistic.
Most of this Microorganisms that live on the human body
with out causing disease and apparent physiological
response comprise the normal flora.
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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Man kind has always been affected by
diseases which wereoriginally believed to be
visitations by the gods and meant to punish
evil doers.
Hippocratus, father of medicine, observed that
ill health resulted due to changes in air, winds,
water, climate, food, nature of soil and habits
of people.
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Fracastorius (1500 G.C.) proposed that the agents of
communicable disease were living germs, that could be
transmitted by direct contact with humans and animals,
and indirectly by objects ; but no proof because of
lacking experimental evidence.
Antony Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723 G.C.), father of
Microbiology,observed “animalcules” using his simple
microscope with one lens.
He was the first who properly described the different
shapes of bacteria.
Question raised - where did they originate?
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Although Leeuwenhoek was not concerned about
the origin of micro-organism; many other scientists
were searching for an explanation for spontaneous
appearance of living things from decaying meat,
stagnating ponds, fermenting grains and infected
wounds.
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On the bases of this observation, two major theories
were formulated.
1. Theory of Abiogenesis
2. Theory of Biogenesis
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Theory of Abiogenesis deals with the theory of
spontaneous generation; stating that living things
originated “spontaneously” from non-living things.
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Biogenesis: - States that life comes from pre existing
life
Francesco Redi (1626-1697): He is the scientist who
first tried to set an experiment to disprove spontaneous
generation.
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Francisco Redi
Introduced experimental procedure to disproof spontaneous
generation
Performed experiments that disproved theory of Spontaneous
Generation for more complex forms of life (began
approx.1668).
Utilized jars containing meat. Some were covered, some
were not.
Maggots appeared in uncovered jars. And conclude that
magoots did not emerge spontanously but from the eggs laid
on the meat by the fly.
The controversy on spontaneous generation took 200 years.
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John Needham (1749)
Performed experiments similar to Redi’s on the origion of life
in microscopic organisms
Introduced the first culture medium for microbial growth.
Utilized infusion broth prepared by boiling meat, grain, etc. to
extract nutrients.
Broth put in flasks, some were sealed with corks, and some
were not.
All flasks became cloudy, result different from Redi’s
experiment.
He suggested that life originate spontaneously from nonliving
matters
The spontaneous generation oponents didn’t accept his
conclusion, they said it could be due to entrance organisms
from air or flasks, improper seal.
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Lazzaro Spallanzani (1776)
Repeated Needham’s experiments to disproof
spontaneous generation in microscopic life.
Boiled broth after placing in flasks.
Sealed flasks by plugging with solid stopper.
Results more consistent with Redi’s.
Occasionally sealed flask cloudy.
Not accepted by spontaneous generation supporters,
because they said that heating may have destroyed,
degraded “vital force” and air was not allowed to enter.
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•Louis pasture (1822- 1895) was the scientist who disproved
the theory of abiogenesis once and for all.
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* In ‘A’ air freely moved through the tube, but dust particles
were trapped in the curved portion of the flask. And no
microbial growth was observed.
.
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Therefore, Pasteur proved that microorganisms entered to
the broth with the air and micro organisms did not evolve
spontaneously
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Other major contribution of Louis Pasteur.
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The Germ Theory of diseases
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Koch’s Postulate: - proof of germ theory of disease
A Micro-organism can be accepted as a causative agent
of an infectious disease only if the following conditions
are satisfied.
1. The microorganism should be found in every case of the
disease and under conditions, which explain the
pathological changes and chemical features.
2. It should be possible to isolate the causative agent in
pure culture from the lesion
3. When such pure culture is inoculated in to appropriate
lab animal, the lesion of the disease should be
reproduced.
4. It should be possible to re-isolate the bacterium in pure
culture from the lesion produced in the experimental
animal.
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Fig. Koch’s postulate
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Exceptions to Koch’s postulate
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Major achievements of Robert Koch
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Terminology
Carrier- is an infected person or animal who don't have apparent clinical
disease but a potential source of infection to others.
Colonization- invasion of a certain part of the body by organisms
Health- a complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity.
Disease- pathological condition of the body that presents with group of clinical
symptoms and signs and abnormal laboratory findings.
Epidemic- a sudden increase in the incidence of a particular disease rapidly
reaching a peak and then declining to low levels.
Endemic- the presence of a disease more or less constantly in a particular
locality
Pandemic- epidemic over a wide geographic area or even worldwide.
Causative agent- the organism that is responsible for causing an infection.
Reservoir- an animal that harbours a species of parasite that is also parasitic
for man and from which many may become infected.
Portal of exit- the route of an organism through which an infectious agent is
shed.
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Portal of entry- the route of an organism through which an infectious agent
gets access.
Route of transmission- it reefers to the rout through which the disease
causing microorganism transmits from person to person or to animal.
Incubation period- the time from initial infection until the onset of clinical
symptoms of diseases.
Acute - Having rapid onset, sever symptoms and a short course
Chronic - of long duration, denoting a disease with slow progression.
Normal Flora- These are a normal inhabitant that are acquired early in life and
reside in the human intestinal track, skin, internal organ, body fluid
with out harming the patient in normal condition
Communicable versus non communicable disease
A disease is communicable (contagious) if it is spread from one
individual to another Eg. MTB
A disease is non communicable when it cannot be spread from one
individual to another.
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Transmission
Vertical transmission of a disease refers to the spread of the illness from
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REFERENCES
1. Mackie and McCartney, Practical medical microbiology 13 th ed. 1989
2. Monica Cheesbrough. Medical Laboratory Manual for Tropical Countries, Microbiology, volume II, 2 nd edition. Tropical
Health Technology and Butter Worth-Heinemannith, 2006.
3. Geo.F. Brooks, Janet s. Butel, Staphen A. Morse. Jawetz, Malnick and Adelberg's Medical Microbiology. 21st edition.
Appelton & Langh,1998.
4. T.D. Sleight, M.C. Murphy. Notes on Medical bacteriology, 2nd edition. Churchill livingstone, Medical division of Longman
group UK limited, 1986.
5. Rajesh Bhatia, Rattan Lal Ichhpujmai, Essentials of Medial Microbiology, 1st edition. Jaypee brothers Medical Publishers
Ltd. 1994.
6. Salle(1981). Fundamental principles of bacteriology, TaTa McGraw – Hill publishing Company Ltd, New Dalhi
7. Mackie and McCartney(1989). Practical medical microbiology 13th edition. Churchill Livingston
8. Bernand D.Davis, Renanto Dulbecco, Herman N.Eisen and Harold S.Ginsberg(1990). Microbiology 4th edition. Lipinocott
Company.
9. Richard A. Harvey, Pamella C. Champ, Microbiology, Lippincott’s illustrated reviews, 2nd ed.
10. Benson’s microbiological application, Laboratory manual in general microbiology, 8th ed. 2001
11. Sherris, Medical microbiology, an introduction to infectious disease. 4th ed. 2004.
12. Baron's Medical Microbiology 4th edition, 2000
13. Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg's Medical Microbiology, 24th Ed,2007
14. Abilo Tadesse, Meseret Alem, University of Gondar.,Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, Minstry of
Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education, 2006
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