ESP

(English for Specific Purposes)

Program Development
QUESTIONNAIRES
“Questionnaires are any written
instruments that present respondents
with a series of questions or
statements to which they are to react
either by writing out their answers or
selecting from among existing
answers.”
 QUESTIONNAIRES

… can be qualitative or
quantitative
 QUESTIONNAIRES

… have an interview-style
format
 QUESTIONNAIRES

… can be either written or oral

 QUESTIONNAIRES
… can be conducted on
paper, face-to-face, by
phone, or online
 QUESTIONNAIRES

… can be administered with

the researcher in absentia
 QUESTIONNAIRES

… can have open-ended or closed

questions or both.
Open-ended > respondents answer in their own words in
as much or as little detail as they desire.
Closed questions > respondents answer a series of pre-
determined responses
 E S ?
AIR
O NN
STI
Q UE 1. fast
H Y
W 2. efficient
3.
inexpensive
 Pros

1.Efficient (researcher time, researcher

effort, and financial resources
2.Versatile (they can be used successfully
with a variety of people in a variety of
situations targeting a variety of topics)
 Cons
1. Simplicity and Superficiality of Answers (being
simple and straightforward to be understood by
everybody makes questionnaires unsuitable for probing
deeply into an issue
2. Unreliable and Unmotivated Respondents (most
people are not very thorough in understanding a
research questionnaire)
3. Respondent Literacy Problems (it is dangerous to
assume that the respondents can read and write well.
 Cons
4. Little or No Opportunity to Correct the
Respondents’ Mistakes (without any personal contact
between the researcher and the informant, little can be
done to check the seriousness of the answers and to
correct the erroneous responses)
5. Social Desirability (or Prestige) Bias (people do not
always provide true answers about themselves; that is,
the results represent what the respondents report to feel
or believe, rather than what they actually feel or
 Cons
6. Self-Deception (respondents may deceive themselves,
not just the researcher)
7. Acquiescence Bias (respondents tend to agree with
sentences when they are unsure or ambivalent)
8. Halo Effect (respondents tend to (over)generalize)
9. Fatigue Effects (respondents may begin to respond
inaccurately as a result of tiredness or boredom)
 So ………

Let’s make a good

questionnaire!
Thank you