FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION AND

GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION
INTERVAL SCALE

RAMAKANT AGRAWAL 25-08-2020

 INTRODUCTION
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

• Group the interval-scale data into categories, order these categories, and then make use of these
groupings to give an over-all picture of the distribution of cases
• In so doing, we can boil down information about a very large number of cases into a simple form
which will enable a reader to picture the way the cases are distributed.
• If interval-scale data are to be summarized an initial decision must be made as to the categories that
will be used
• The classification scheme may be quite arbitrary
• To decide how many categories to use and where to establish the cutting points (Lower class cut-point:
The smallest value that could go in a class. Upper class cut-point: The smallest value that could go in
the next-higher class (equivalent to the lower cutpoint of the next-higher class)
 Voter turnout in Municipal Elections

Raw data presented in this manner are almost useless in giving the reader a clear
ng place.This will be especially true if the number of cases is very large. It is indeed difficult to get a
the total distribution.
 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
Characterstics

• In Table 4.1, examining the frequencies in each category we see that the picture presented is a
rather jagged or uneven one.
• For smoother looking distribution, we can use wider intervals like in Table 4.2.
• If we had used still wider intervals, say of width 20, the picture would have been as shown in
Table 4.3. Here we are beginning to obscure most of our information.
• Incidentally, we see that in summarizing interval-scale data some important information is
practically always lost. On the other hand, to report all the information is to present so much
detail as to confuse rather than enlighten.
CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
 GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION: HISTOGRAM, FREQUENCY POLYGON AND OGIVE
Either the absolute frequencies or the proportion of cases in each interval may be indicated along the ordinate as in Fig. 4.1.
Visualising Categorical Data

Bar Chart and Pie Chart

Time Series Plot Scatterplot

Learn on your own

Box-and-Whiskers Plot
Pareto Chart
 a. Prepare a simple array and a frequency array
b. Construct a frequency distribution and cumulative distribution.
c. Draw a histogram, frequency polygon, and ogive.
Solve the following
THANK YOU