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NATURE OR The biological

aspect of
NURTURE psychology
NATURE versus NURTURE
 WHAT IS YOUR
PERSONALITY AND
ABILITY?
 SELF-REFLECTION
•Do you think you have a unique personality?
•On a piece of paper write down your likes,
dislikes and personality characteristics?
•How do you think your personality affect the
choices that you make, the way you live your
life, how you are as a person individually and in
a group?
•What do you think determines (“makes you to
have or display”) these likes, dislikes and
personality traits?
 LEARNING ENGLISH
nature or nurture?
 Be able to do it easily  Doesn’t come naturally,
and consistently using can do it (and do it well),
minimal energy. but it takes effort to learn
 Intuitively feel and maintain.
energized and  Can be draining over
motivated time. You have to put a lot
 Enjoy learning … of energy
derive intrinsic  If primarily opening in
satisfaction this mode, will end up
trying to avoid
APPROACH TO
PSYCHOLOGY
 TWINS RESEARCHES
•The Nature versus Nurture
Debate has been going on for
centuries.
•Most of the studies done on
the Nature versus Nurture
debate have been conducted
on the study of twin behavior.
•Biologically there are two
types of twins – Identical Twins
and Fraternal Twins
 BEHAVIOR GENETICS

Identical
twins
Fraternal
twins Identical Twins
 develop from a single fertilized
egg that splits in two, creating
two genetically identical
organisms
Fraternal Twins
 develop from separate eggs
 genetically no closer than
brothers and sisters, but they
share the fetal environment

Same Same or
sex only opposite sex
 TWINS RESEARCHES
Two very important studies were done using twins to
determine whether certain personality traits were the
result of their genes or the result of their environment.

One was called: Happy Families: a twin study of

humour (and it was conducted in London)
http://twinsuk.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Cherkas.TwinResearch.pdf

And the other was called: Sources of Human

Psychological Differences: The Minnesota Study
of Twins reared apart
http://web.missouri.edu/~segerti/1000H/Bouchard.pdf
 CONCLUSION
 The Minnesota study seems to argue that
NATURE or genetics do influence personality
 The London Study seems to argue that there
is a case that NURTURE influences
personality.
EQUAL
WHAT DO YOU KNOW
ABOUT YOUR BRAIN?
 THE ADULT HUMAN
BRAIN
 Ranges from 750 cc to
2100 cc
 Contains almost 97% of the
body’s neural tissue
 Average weight about 1.4
kg (3 lb)
 Male brains are typically
larger but there is no
correlation between brain
size and intelligence.
THE TRIUNE BRAIN
THE TRIUNE BRAIN
THE BRAINSTEM
Reptile brain

Pons
 THE BRAINSTEM
Thalamus [THAL-uh-muss]
 The brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the
brainstem
 It directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the
cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
Pons
 Links cerebellum with mesencephalon, diencephalon,
cerebrum, and spinal cord
Reticular Formation
 A nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important
role in controlling arousal
 CEREBELLUM
Little brain
Cerebellum [sehr-uh-
BELL-um]
the “little brain”
attached to the rear of
the brainstem.
It helps coordinate
voluntary movement
and balance
 LIMBIC SYSTEM
Animal brain
 A doughnut-shaped
system of neural
structures at the border of
the brainstem and
cerebral hemispheres
 Associated with emotions
such as fear and
aggression and drives
such as those for food and
sex
 Includes the
hippocampus, amygdala,
and hypothalamus.
 LIMBIC SYSTEM
Animal brain
 A doughnut-shaped
system of neural
structures at the border of
the brainstem and
cerebral hemispheres
 Associated with emotions
such as fear and
aggression and drives
such as those for food and
sex
 Includes the
hippocampus, amygdala,
and hypothalamus.
 HIPPOCAMPUS

Important in
learning and the
storage and
retrieval of long-
term memories
 AMYGDALA
Two almond-shaped neural clusters that
are components of the limbic system and
are linked to emotion
 HYPOTHALAMUS

 Influence on the
pituitary
gland
 Reward Centers
 Reward deficiency
syndrome
SKINNER BOX
 CEREBRUM
human brain

 The intricate fabric of interconnected neural

cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres
 The body’s ultimate control and information
processing center
CEREBRAL CORTEX
 HUMAN BRAIN: MAJOR
STRUCTURES AND THEIR
FUNCTIONS

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EeE7Fpg06
1I
 NEURON Basic unit of the
(NERVE CELLS) nervous system
PARTS OF A NEURON
PARTS OF A NEURON
PARTS OF A NEURON
PARTS OF A NEURON
PARTS OF A NEURON
PARTS OF A NEURON
COMPONENTS OF THE NEURON
 HOW NEURONS
COMMUNICATE
o Synapse
o Synaptic gap (synaptic cleft)
o Neurotransmitters
o Reuptake
 SYNAPSE
 junction between
the axon tip of the
sending neuron and
the dendrite or cell
body of the receiving
neuron
 tiny gap at this
junction is called the
synaptic gap or cleft
 SYNAPSE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LT3VKAr4ro
o
 SYNAPTIC
TRANSMISSION
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WhowH0kb
7n0
 HOW NEURONS
COMMUNICATE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GIGqp6_PG
6k&feature=youtu.be
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FT44xI92LC
U
 NEURAL
COMMUNICATION
 NEUROTRANSMITTERS
 Chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps
between neurons
 When released by the sending neuron, neuro-
transmitters travel across the synapse and bind to
receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby
influencing whether it will generate a neural impulse
NEUROTRANSMITTERS: THE
BODY’S CHEMICAL
MESSENGERS
 FUNCTION OF
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=haNoq8UbS
yc
 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Nervous
system

Central
Peripheral (brain and
spinal cord)

Autonomic (controls Somatic (controls

self-regulated action of voluntary movements of
internal organs and glands) skeletal muscles)

Sympathetic Parasympathetic
(arousing) (calming)
THE CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM

Brain and spinal cord

Neural networks
 FURTHER DIVISION

The PNS can be further divided down

PNS can be divided into 4 more branches of the
nervous system
 Somatic nervous system
 Autonomic nervous system
 Sympathetic nervous system
 Parasympathetic nervous system
 THE BRANCHES OF THE
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Somatic Nervous System
 Controls the body’s skeletal muscles
 Voluntary
Autonomic Nervous System
 Controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart)
 2 sub-branches – sympathetic and parasympathetic
 Work together to keep a steady internal state
 Sympathetic Nervous System
 Arousing – if something alarms, enrages, or challenges you
 Mobilizing body’s energy in stressful situations
 Parasympathetic Nervous System
 Calms the body, conserving its energy
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=44B0ms3XP
KU
ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM
 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
o The other communication system
o Glands secrete chemical messengers called
hormones
o Hormones start in one tissue and travel
through the bloodstream to affect other
tissues, including the brain
o They act on the brain and influence behavior
 HORMONES
o Some hormones are chemically identical to
neurotransmitters
o This makes the nervous system and endocrine
systems kindred spirits
o Hormones are slower than the zippy messengers
of the nervous system
o Their effects outlast the effects of the
neurotransmitters
o Hormones influence many aspects of our lives –
growth, reproduction, metabolism and mood
HOW DO WE KNOW
YOU BRAIN?
 THE TOOLS OF DISCOVERY:
HAVING OUR HEADS
EXAMINED
• CT (Computed
Tomography) scan
• PET (Positron
Emission
Tomography) scan
• MRI (Magnetic

Resonance Imaging)
• fMRI (Functional