Crosstalk

Overview and Modes

 2

Overview
 What is Crosstalk?

 Crosstalk Induced Noise

 Effect of crosstalk on transmission line parameters

 Crosstalk Trends

 Design Guidelines and Rules of Thumb

Crosstalk Overview
 3

Crosstalk Induced Noise

Key Topics:
Mutual Inductance and capacitance
Coupled noise
Circuit Model
Transmission line matrices

Crosstalk Overview
 4

Mutual Inductance and Capacitance

 Crosstalk is the coupling of energy from one line to another
via:
Mutual capacitance (electric field)
Mutual inductance (magnetic field)

Mutual Capacitance, Cm Mutual Inductance, Lm

Zo
Zo
Zo
Zo
far far
Cm

Lm

Zs near
near
Zs
Zo
Zo

Crosstalk Overview
 5

Mutual Inductance and Capacitance

“Mechanism of coupling”
 The circuit element that represents this
transfer of energy are the following familiar
equations
dI dV
VLm  Lm I Cm  Cm
dt dt
 The mutual inductance will induce current on the victim line opposite of the driving
current (Lenz’s Law)

 The mutual capacitance will pass current through the mutual capacitance that flows
in both directions on the victim line

Crosstalk Overview
 6

Crosstalk Induced Noise

“Coupled Currents”
 The near and far end victim line currents sum to
produce the near and the far end crosstalk noise
Zo
Zo
Zo
Zo
far far

ICm
Lm ILm

Zs near near
Zs
Zo
Zo

I near  I Cm  I Lm I far  I Cm  I Lm

Crosstalk Overview
 7

Crosstalk Induced Noise

“Voltage Profile of Coupled Noise”
 Near end crosstalk is always positive
Currents from Lm and Cm always add and flow into the node
 For PCB’s, the far end crosstalk is “usually” negative
Current due to Lm larger than current due to Cm
Note that far and crosstalk can be positive

Zo
Zo

Far End
Driven Line

Un-driven Line
“victim”

Zs Near End
Driver Zo

Crosstalk Overview
 8

Graphical Explanation
Time = 0 Near end crosstalk pulse at T=0 (Inear)
~Tr Near end
V crosstalk
Zo TD

Far end crosstalk pulse at T=0 (Ifar)

~Tr
Time= 1/2 TD
2TD
V
Zo
far end
Zo crosstalk

Time= TD
V
Zo Zo Far end of current
terminated at T=TD

Time = 2TD
V
Near end current
Zo
terminated at T=2TD
Zo
Crosstalk Overview
 9

Crosstalk Equations TD

Zo Vinput  LM C M 
A 
Terminated Victim Zo 4  L C 
Far End TD  X LC
Driven Line
Un-driven Line Vinput X LC  LM C M 
B  L  C 
“victim” 2Tr   A
B
Zs Near End
Driver Zo
Tr ~Tr Tr
TD
2TD
Far End Zo

Open Victim
Vinput  LM C M 
A 
4  L C 
Far End
Driven Line

Un-driven Line
“victim” A 1
B B C
C 2
Zs Near End
Driver Zo Tr ~Tr ~Tr Vinput X LC  LM C M 
C  L  C 
Tr
2TD
Crosstalk Overview
 10

Crosstalk Equations TD

Near End Open Victim

Zo
Vinput  LM C M 
A 
Zo 2  L C 
Far End
A C
Driven Line V L C 
C  input  M  M  B
Un-driven Line 4  L C 
“victim”
Tr Tr Tr
Vinput X LC  LM C M 
Zs Near End B  L  C  2TD
Driver 2Tr  
3TD

 The Crosstalk noise characteristics are

dependent on the termination of the victim line

Crosstalk Overview
Creating a Crosstalk Model 11

“Equivalent Circuit”

 The circuit must be distributed into N segments as

shown in chapter 2
C12
Line 1 Line 2 L12
K
C1G C2G L11 L22
L11(1) L11(2) L11(N)
Line 1

C1G(1) C1G(2) C1G(N)

K1 K1 K1
C12(1) C12(2) C12(n)

Line 2

L22(1) C2G(1) L22(2) C2G(2) L22(N) C2G(N)

Crosstalk Overview
Creating a Crosstalk Model 12

“Transmission Line Matrices”

 The transmission line Matrices are used to represent the electrical characteristics

 The Inductance matrix is shown, where:

LNN = the self inductance of line N per unit length
LMN = the mutual inductance between line M and N

 L11 L12 ... L1N 

L L22 
Inductance Matrix =  21 
 
 
 LN 1 LNN 

Crosstalk Overview
Creating a Crosstalk Model 13

“Transmission Line Matrices”

 The Capacitance matrix is shown, where:
CNN = the self capacitance of line N per unit length where:

CNG = The capacitance between line N and ground

CMN = Mutual capacitance between lines M and N

C NN  C NG   Cmutuals

 C11 C12 ... C1N 

C C22 
Capacitance Matrix =  21 
 
 
C N 1 C NN 

 For example, for the 2 line circuit shown earlier:

C11  C1G  C12
Crosstalk Overview
 14

Example
Calculate near and far end crosstalk-induced noise magnitudes and sketch the
waveforms of circuit shown below:

v
R1 R2
Vsource=2V, (Vinput = 1.0V), Trise = 100ps.
Length of line is 2 inches. Assume all terminations are 70 Ohms.
Assume the following capacitance and inductance matrix:

9.869nH 2.103nH 
L / inch = 
2.103nH 9.869nH 

 2.051 pF 0.239 pF 
C / inch = 
0.239 pF 2.051 pF 
L11 9.869nH
The characteristic impedance is: ZO    69.4
C11 2.051 pF
Therefore the system has matched termination.

The crosstalk noise magnitudes can be calculated as follows:

Crosstalk Overview
 15

Example (cont.)
Near end crosstalk voltage amplitude (from slide 12):
Vinput  L12 C12  1V  2.103nH 0.239 pF 
Vnear      9.869nH  2.051 pF   0.082V
4  L11 C11  4  

Far end crosstalk voltage amplitude (slide 12):

Vinput ( X LC )  L12 C12  1V * 2inch * 9.869nH * 2.051 pF  2.103nH 0.239 pF 
V far          0.137V
2Trise L
 11 C11  2 * 100 ps  9 .869 nH 2.051 pF 

The propagation delay of the 2 inch line is:

TD  X LC  2inch * (9.869nH * 2.051nH  0.28ns
200mV/div

Thus,

100ps/div
Crosstalk Overview
 16

Effect of Crosstalk on
Transmission line Parameters
Key Topics:
Odd and Even Mode Characteristics
Microstrip vs. Stripline
Modal Termination Techniques
Modal Impedance’s for more than 2 lines
Effect Switching Patterns
Single Line Equivalent Model (SLEM)

Crosstalk Overview
 17

Odd and Even Transmission Modes

 Electromagnetic Fields between two driven coupled lines will interact with each other
 These interactions will effect the impedance and delay of the transmission line
 A 2-conductor system will have 2 propagation modes
Even Mode (Both lines driven in phase)
Odd Mode (Lines driven 180 o out of phase)

 The interaction of the fields will cause the system electrical characteristics to be directly dependent on patterns

Even Mode

Odd Mode

Crosstalk Overview
Odd Mode Transmission 18

 Potential difference between the conductors lead to an increase of

the effective Capacitance equal to the mutual capacitance

+1 -1 +1 -1

Electric Field: Magnetic Field:

Odd mode Odd mode

 Because currents are flowing in opposite directions, the total

inductance is reduced by the mutual inductance (Lm)

V dI d ( I )
Drive (I) V  L  Lm
dt dt
Induced (-ILm) I dI
Induced (ILm) Lm  ( L  Lm)
dt

Drive (-I) -I
Crosstalk Overview
Odd Mode Transmission 19

“Derivation of Odd Mode Inductance”

I1 L11
Mutual Inductance:
Consider the circuit: + V1 - Lm
k
I2 + V2 - L11 L22
dI 1 dI
V1  LO  Lm 2
dt dt L22
dI dI
V2  LO 2  Lm 1
dt dt

Since the signals for odd-mode switching are always opposite, I1 = -I2 and
V1 = -V2, so that: V1  LO dI 1  Lm d ( I 1 )  ( LO  Lm ) dI 1
dt dt dt
dI d ( I 2 ) dI
V2  LO 2  Lm  ( LO  Lm ) 2
dt dt dt
Thus, since LO = L11 = L22,
Lodd  L11  Lm  L11  L12

Meaning that the equivalent inductance seen in an odd-mode environment

is reduced by the mutual inductance.
Crosstalk Overview
Odd Mode Transmission 20

“Derivation of Odd Mode Capacitance”

V2
Mutual Capacitance:
Consider the circuit: C1g Cm

C1g = C2g = CO = C11 – C12 C2g V2

So, dV1 d (V1  V2 ) dV dV

I1  CO  Cm  (C O  C m ) 1  C m 2
dt dt dt dt
dV d (V2  V1 ) dV dV
I 2  CO 2  C m  (C O  C m ) 2  C m 1
dt dt dt dt
And again, I1 = -I2 and V1 = -V2, so that:
dV1 d (V1  (V1 )) dV
I1  CO  Cm  (C1g  2C m ) 1
dt dt dt
dV d (V2  (V2 )) dV
I 2  CO 2  C m  (C O  2C m ) 2
dt dt dt
Thus, Codd  C1g  2Cm  C11  C m
Meaning that the equivalent capacitance for odd mode switching increases.
Crosstalk Overview
Odd Mode Transmission 21

“Odd Mode Transmission Characteristics”

Impedance:
Thus the impedance for odd mode behavior is:
Lodd L11  L12
Z odd  
Codd C11  C12
( Note : Z differenti al  2 Z odd ) Explain why.

Propagation Delay:
and the propagation delay for odd mode behavior is:

TDodd  Lodd C odd  ( L11  L12 )(C11  C12 )

Crosstalk Overview
Even Mode Transmission 22

 Since the conductors are always at a equal potential, the

effective capacitance is reduced by the mutual capacitance
+1 +1 +1 +1
Electric Field: Magnetic Field:
Even mode Even mode

 Because currents are flowing in the same direction, the total

inductance is increased by the mutual inductance (Lm)
V dI d (I )
Drive (I) V L  Lm
dt dt
Induced (ILm) I dI
Induced (ILm) Lm  ( L  Lm)
dt

Drive (I) I
Crosstalk Overview
Even Mode Transmission 23

Derivation of even Mode Effective Inductance

L11
Mutual Inductance: I1
Again, consider the circuit: + V1 - Lm
dI dI k
V1  LO 1  Lm 2 I2 + V2 - L11 L22
dt dt
dI dI L22
V2  LO 2  Lm 1
dt dt
Since the signals for even-mode switching are always equal and in the same
direction so that I1 = I2 and V1 = V2, so that:
dI1 d ( I1 ) dI
V1  LO  Lm  ( LO  Lm ) 1
dt dt dt
dI d (I2 ) dI
V2  LO 2  Lm  ( LO  Lm ) 2
dt dt dt

Thus, Leven  L11  Lm  L11  L12

Meaning that the equivalent inductance of even mode behavior increases

by the mutual inductance.
Crosstalk Overview
Even Mode Transmission 24

Derivation of even Mode Effective Capacitance

V2
Mutual Capacitance:
Again, consider the circuit: C1g Cm

C2g V2
dV1 d (V1  V1 ) dV
I 1  CO  Cm  CO 1
dt dt dt
dV d (V2  V2 ) dV
I 2  CO 2  C m  CO 2
dt dt dt

Thus, Ceven  C0  C11  Cm

Meaning that the equivalent capacitance during even mode behavior

decreases.

Crosstalk Overview
Even Mode Transmission 25

“Even Mode Transmission Characteristics”

Impedance:
Thus the impedance for even mode behavior is:

Leven L11  L12

Z even  
Ceven C11  C12

Propagation Delay:
and the propagation delay for even mode behavior is:

TDeven  LevenCeven  ( L11  L12 )(C11  C12 )

Crosstalk Overview
 26

Odd and Even Mode Comparison for

Coupled Microstrips
Even mode (as seen on line 1)
Input waveforms
Impedance difference

V1
Odd mode (Line 1)
Line 1 Probe point

v1
v2 Line2

V2 Delay difference due to modal velocity differences

Crosstalk Overview
Microstrip vs. Stripline Crosstalk 27

Crosstalk Induced Velocity Changes

 Chapter 2 defined propagation delay as

r
Tpd 
 Chapter 2 also defined an effective dielectric constant that is used to calculate the delay for a microstrip that accounted for a portion of the fields fringing through the air and a portion through the PCB
material

 This shows that the propagation delay is dependent on the effective dielectric constant
c
 In a pure dielectric (homogeneous), fields will not fringe through the air, subsequently, the delay is dependent on the dielectric constant of the material

Crosstalk Overview
Microstrip vs. Stripline Crosstalk 28

Crosstalk Induced Velocity Changes

 Odd and Even mode electric fields in a microstrip will have different percentages
of the total field fringing through the air which will change the effective Er
Leads to velocity variations between even and odd

Microstrip E field patterns +1 -1

+1 +1
Er=1.0 Er=1.0

Er=4.2 Er=4.2

 The effective dielectric constant, and subsequently the

propagation velocity depends on the electric field patterns

Crosstalk Overview
Microstrip vs. Stripline Crosstalk 29

Crosstalk Induced Velocity Changes

 If the dielectric is homogeneous (I.e., buried microstrip or stripline) , the

effective dielectric constant will not change because the electric fields will
never fringe through air

Stripline E field patterns

+1 +1 +1 -1

Er=4.2
Er=4.2

 Subsequently, if the transmission line is implemented in a homogeneous

dielectric, the velocity must stay constant between even and odd mode
patterns

Crosstalk Overview
 Microstrip vs. Stripline Crosstalk 30

Crosstalk Induced Noise

 The constant velocity in a homogeneous media (such as

a stripline) forces far end crosstalk noise to be zero
TDodd  TDeven
( L11  L12 )(C11  C12 )  ( L11  L12 )(C11  C12 )
 L12C11  L11C12   L11C12  L12C11
L12 C12

L11 C11
 Since far end crosstalk takes the following form:

 Far end crosstalk is zero for a homogeneous Er

Vinput X LC  L12 C12 

Crosstalk ( far _ stripline )     0
2Tr  L11 C11 

Crosstalk Overview
Termination Techniques 31

Pi and T networks
 Single resistor terminations described in chapter 2 do not work for coupled lines
 3 resistor networks can be designed to terminate both odd and even modes

T Termination

Odd Mode +1 R1

Equivalent
R1 R3 -1 R2

R2 Virtual Ground
in center
-1
+1 2R3
R1  R2  Z odd Even Mode R1
Equivalent
1 +1
R3  Z even  Z odd  R2
2R3
2 Crosstalk Overview
Termination Techniques 32

Pi and T networks
 The alternative is a PI termination

PI Termination

R1
R1

Odd Mode
+1 ½ R3
R3
Equivalent
-1 ½ R3

R2 R2
-1

+1 R1
Even Mode
R1  R2  Z even
Equivalent +1 R2
Z even Z odd
R3  2
Z even  Z oddCrosstalk Overview