Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Howard Davies
and Pun-Lee Lam
Published by FT Prentice Hall
1
Chapter 17:
Investment Decisions and
the Cost of Capital
Objectives:
After studying the chapter, you should
understand:
1. the concepts of capital budgeting and cost of
capital
2. some simple techniques for the appraisal of
investments
3. some financial models used to estimate the cost
of capital 2
Capital and Capital Budgeting
Capital:
is the stock of assets that will generate a
flow of income in the future.
Capital budgeting:
is the planning process for allocating all
expenditures that will have an expected
benefit to the firm for more than one year.
3
Investment Appraisal
Firms normally place projects in the following
categories:
1. Replacement and maintenance of old or damaged
equipment.
2. Investments to upgrade or replace existing
equipment
3. Marketing investments to expand product lines or
distribution facilities.
4. Investments for complying with government or
insurance-company safety or environmental
requirements. 4
Question for Discussion:
What are the factors you would consider when
making a choice among different investment
projects?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5
Simple Technique for Appraisal of
Investment
Payback-period criterion:
Payback period is the amount of time
sufficient to cover the initial cost of an
investment
But it ignores any returns accrue after the
pay-back period; ignores the pattern of
returns; ignores the time value (time cost)
of money.
6
Example:
Initial investment: $10 million
Cash flow: $2 million per year
Payback-period?
7
Discounting
8
The present value of a single future amount
I
PV= (1+r)n
9
Suppose we try to find the present value of a
single future amount of $121, to be received
after two years. Since goods available in the
future are worth less than the same goods
available now, the future amount of $121 is
worth less than $121 at present. Given the
market rate of interest of 10%, its present
value is: $121
= $100
(1+0.1)2
This means that the future amount of $121 (to
be received after two years) is equivalent to a
value of $100 at present.
10
Simple Technique for Appraisal of
Investment
Net-present-value technique:
Net present value (NPV) is the difference
between the present value of a future cash
flow and the initial cost of the investment
project; a firm should adopt a project if the
expected NPV is positive.
11
I1 I2 In
NPV = -P + I0 + + +…+
(1+r) (1+r) 2
(1+r)n
or
I
NPV = -P +
r
where:
P: =capital cost, accruing in full at the
beginning of the project
I1,2,…n =net cash flows arising from the project
in years 1 to n
r =the opportunity cost of capital 12
Simple Technique for Appraisal of
Investment
Internal-rate-of-return method:
Internal rate of return (IRR) is the rate of
return that will equate the present value of
a multi-year cash flow with the cost of
investing in a project.
Using the NPV equation: the IRR is the
discount rate that renders the NPV of the
project equal to zero. 13
P, n and the expected future cash returns (I) are
known, we try to find IRR.
If the IRR is greater than the market rate of
interest r, it implies that the present value of the
capital good (PV) is greater than its purchase
price (P) and the firm should invest. Conversely,
if IRR is smaller than r, it implies that PV is
smaller than P and the firm should not invest.
15
The Cost of Capital
WACC : rd D + re E
(D + E) (D + E)
17
The Modigliani-Miller (M-M)
Proposition
Assumptions:
•there are no taxes
•the capital market is efficient and competitive
•there are no transaction costs
•there are no costs associated with bankruptcy
•shareholders can borrow on the same terms as
corporations
•the cost of debt is constant, whatever the level of
gearing 18
The Modigliani-Miller (M-M)
Proposition
• If the assumptions hold, the total market value of two
firms that are identical except for their levels of
gearing must be the same, and their WACCs must be
the same
•If they were not the same, investors could improve
their position by “arbitrage”, selling the shares of one
and buying shares in the other, which would alter the
relative prices of shars until the WACCs become equal
•The level of gearing is therefore irrelevant to the
WACC and the value of the firm 19
The Cost of Equity Capital
1. Dividend valuation approach DVA
(or dividend growth/discounted cash flow model):
D1 D2 D3
PV= (1 + r) + (1 + r)2 + (1 + r)3 + ...
Dt
PV= [ ]
(1 + r) t
D1 D1(1+g) D1(1+g)2
PV= (1 + r) + + + ...
(1 + r)2 (1 + r)3
22
D1 (1 + g)
Let A = (1 + r) Let B = (1 + r)
PV = A(1 + B + B2 + …) (1)
B on both sides:
PV B = A(B + B2 + B3 + …) (2)
(2) - (1): 1-B
PV(1 - B) = A = 1 - (1 + g)
(1 + r)
PV = A (1+r) -(1 + g)
(1 - B) =
D1 (1 + r) (1 + r)
PV = (1 + r) (r - g)
(r - g) =
Given PV = P0 (1 + r)
D1
r= P +g D1 = D0 (1 + g)
0
23
The Cost of Equity Capital