ELECTRONICS CLASS

06/02/2022
ELECTRIC MOTOR
Electric motor is a tool that serves to convert
electrical energy into motion energy. These
tools include dynamic power tools as they
produce motion. 
PARTS OF A
MOTOR
STATOR
The stationary parts of a motor are collectively known as a stator.
The stator may contain windings or a permanent magnet.
ROTOR
The rotor is the set of winding and magnetic core attached to which the
motor shaft is attached. The rotor delivers mechanical energy to the
shaft.
COMMUTATOR
Commutators are used to reverse the direction of current in the rotor in
order to maintain a repulsive force between the rotor and stator poles.
Voltage is applied to the rotor using spring-loaded carbon brushes that
sit over the commutator.
BEARING AND SHAFT ASSEMBLY
The bearings support the rotor. It maintains the air gap and transfers the
shaft load to the motor casing. The rotor core-winding assembly is
mounted over the shaft. The shaft extends outside the casing and
transfers the mechanical energy from the rotor to the load.
INSULATION MATERIALS
Insulation protects the motor windings from short circuits and
contamination. Paper, resins, rubber, varnish, enamel, mica, glass fiber,
etc. are used as insulators.
CASING, BRUSHES, AND TERMINALS
The motor casing supports the stator and other motor components as
well as protect the stator and rotor components from the external
environment. Normally they are made up of aluminum.

Carbon brushes are used to supply electricity to the rotor. It maintains

contact with the commutator regardless of the speed of rotation. Contact
pressure is maintained with the help of spring.

The operational power is supplied to motors through their terminals.

HOW DOES ELECTRIC
MOTORS WORK?
HOW DOES ELECTRIC MOTOR
WORKS?

An electric motor works through the principle

of electromagnetism.
The rotor and stator windings that carry
current act as an electromagnet, producing a
force of attraction or repulsion between
them.
 SENSOR
S
different sensors are the senses of the robot to interact with
its’ environment.
The sensors allow it to interpret, understand, and measure the
geometric and physical features of the objects of its surrounding
like position, orientation, velocity, acceleration, distance, size,
force, moment, temperature, luminance, weight, etc
 SENSORS

internal sensors and external sensors.

 Internal sensors such as its position sensor, velocity
sensor, acceleration sensors, motor torque sensor,
etc., gather data for the robot.

 External sensors on the other hand, like cameras,

range sensors (IR sensor, laser range finder, and
ultrasonic sensor), contact and proximity sensors
(photodiode, infrared (IR) detector, radio frequency
identification (RFID), touch, etc.), and force sensors
collect the information in the surrounding
Light Sensor
A light sensor picks up light and interprets
voltage differences. A robot’s vision system has a
computer-controlled camera that permits the
robot to recognize and adjust its actions
accordingly. The two primary light sensors in
robots are Photoresistor and Photovoltaic cells.
Other light sensors like phototubes,
phototransistors, charged-coupled devices (CCD)
found in digital cameras are rarely used.
PHOTORESISTOR AND
PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS
A photoresistor is a kind of resistor
whose resistance varies as light intensity
changes, meaning more light leads to
less resistance, and less light leads to
more resistance. They are fitted in light-
dependent robots. Photovoltaic cells
convert solar radiation into electricity. It
is helpful when building a solar robot.
While the photovoltaic cell is the energy
source, a combination of transistors and
capacitors can convert this into a sensor
SOUND SENSOR
A sound sensor is simply a microphone used
to detect the equivalent voltage of sound and
sound feedback. The sound it receives uses
by the robot to navigate obstacles.
Imagine a robot turning right to a clap and
turning left for another two. Complex robots
may use the same microphone for voice
recognition.
Voice systems also use robots with voice
commands. It would come in handy and
useful as the trainer holds other objects
while training a robot.
PROXIMITY
SENSOR
A Proximity Sensor allows the robot to
become aware of its surroundings. It can
detect what objects are nearby without
physical contact. The transmitter emits
electromagnetic radiation to the nearby
sensor. It receives and analyzes the breaks
in the feedback signal. Any changes in the
light pattern received by the sensor indicate
the presence of neighboring objects. The
sensors also provide a collision situational
awareness system for the robot to prevent it
from bumping into walls or objects.
TACTILE
SENSORS
A tactile sensor is a device that allows
the robot to interpret touch and feel
motions. It is used in some objects we
use every day, such as elevator
buttons and lamps that dim or
brighten by touching their base. These
sensors use by the robot to interact
with its environment.
TEMPERATURE
SENSOR
Temperature sensors are used to check
the surrounding temperature change. It
is based on the principle of voltage
difference change. It means, when the
temperature changes or becomes hot or
cold, a change in the voltage will also
happen. Temperature sensing
applications include air temperature,
surface temperature, and immersion
temperature
NAVIGATION AND
POSITIONING
SENSORS
Positioning sensors are used by robots to
estimate their relative position to its
surrounding. The usual positioning sensor
uses GPS (Global Positioning System)
technology like the GPS of a smartphone.
Satellites orbiting Earth emit signals that the
robot receiver collects and interpret. These
signals are now used by the robot to calibrate
its’ approximate position, location, and even
speed
ACCELERATION
SENSOR
An accelerometer is a device used for measuring
acceleration and tilt. The two types of forces that
influence an accelerometer are static force and
dynamic force. The robot can determine how
much it tilts, and this information is useful in
determining whether the robot is driving on a
flat or uphill surface.