RRL: REVIEW OF

RELATED LITERATURES
 LITERATURE REVIEW
• is academic text that provides an overview of a
particular topic.
• It identifies what is known and not known about a
certain study.
• Involves Higher Order thinking Skills.

A literature review is an integral part of any research paper.

Several Functions of Literature Review:

(1) It establishes the relevance of the

study.
(2) It further helps in establishing the research
gap that the study intends to fill.
(3) Provides important information about your
topic and concepts related to it.
(4) It presents the contradictions between
and among previous literature.
(5) It justifies your research methodology (survey of
previous studies relevant to your research).
(6) It presents and discusses your theoretical and
conceptual framework (backbone of your study)
WRITING THE LITERATURE
REVIEW
Three Stages:

Searching for
works relevant to
the study Analysing
these scholarly
Drafting the works
literature
review.
 LITERATURE
SEARCH
Literature Search is the stage in
which the researcher
systematically looks for and
selects reference materials
relevant to the study.
Quality of your paper = Quality of
references
Points to remember in conducting your literature search:

1. Identify the topics and

concepts.
2. Specify the type of sources that you will
use.
3. Visit your School Library/online databases.
4. Use relevant key words to look for your
desired sources.
5. Links that are reliable. (.gov, .mil
and .edu)
6. Utilize SEARCHING STRATEGIES
The following are some of the Boolean
Searching Strategies that you can use:
A.Use AND for the connected term. (e.g.,
University AND Colleges)
B.Use OR- either of the terms. (e.g.,
University OR Colleges)
C.Use NOT- to exclude term. (e.g.,
University NOT College)
D.Use QUOTATION MARKS for Specific
Phrase. (“Top Philippine Universities”).
 Get the available materials for your
research, you may follow these steps:
1. Visit the Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC) database of your
library.
2. Key in the important details. (type, title, author, and publication
year)

3. Utilize the print and non print sources.

4. Call numbers are unique identifiers of library
materials.
5. Check the table of contents; briefly read the actual content of the
materials.
6. Go to the library to borrow the materials. Take notes from
the material.
 Important Skills in Drafting the Literature
Review
SYNTHESIZING NOTE TAKING
-review of several references . -Writing Information from a source text
to be integrated in your current study.

MICROLEV MACROLEV
SUMMARIZI PARAPHRASI
EL EL
NG NG

Several studies Condensing a

Consolidation Rewording
are lengthy piece ideas from the
of ideas to consolidated; (15% to 30%) original text
explain a not just to (Detailed way)
concept. explain
Non-
Outline Outline
 THEORITICAL
FRAMEWORK
- Is a general frame of reference used for observation ,
defining concepts, developing research designs, and
interpreting and generalizing findings.
CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK
- Refers to system of ideas, beliefs, assumptions, and
theories that cater your study.
For clearer presentation:

VISUAL FORM
Characterized by the use of
diagrams and charts.
NARRATIVE
FORM
Characterized by the use of
paragraphs that explain the visual
representation.
SIMILAR CHARACTERISTICS
THEORITICAL CONCEPTUAL
 Comprehensive understanding of a
phenomenon.
 Theory that underpins of study.
 Justify the methods and assumptions.
 Refine your objectives.
 Guide you in exploring and interpreting your
data.
 DIFFERENT
CHARACTERISTICS
THEORITICAL CONCEPTUAL
Narrower – study
Broader –in the field
itself.
Synthesize one or more
One theory at a time theories
May involve other concepts.
 SELECTING YOUR THEORITICAL
FRAMEWORK

1. Understand the variables.

2. Review the existing literature.

3. Potential result.
4. The one that can provide a blueprint for your
study.
 DEVELOPING YOUR CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK
1. Identify the key concepts. (Objectives
alignment)
2. Search for existing theory.
3. Using the theory, plot your conceptual framework
using a concept map.
4.Incorporate the concept into your framework.
5.Write a narrative explanation related with one
another.
6. Creating a conceptual framework is
developmental.
7. Hypotheses are presented at the end of the
conceptual framework.
 Citing sources has two forms:
REFERENCE
IN-TEXT CITATION
CITATION
Indi cate the source of the
information within the body of the
Complete bibliographic
information of the reference used.
text. (References List- Biblio)

American Psychological Business, economics, education, Falchikov, N. & Bound (1989).

Association
Modern Language Association
hotel, and restaurant Student self-assessment in higher
management, psychology, and education: A meta analysis.
other field under SS. Review of Educational Research,
59 (4) 34-45
English and some fields in the Falchikov, Nancy, & David
humanities and the arts Bound. “Student self-assessment
in higher education: A meta
analysis”. Review of Educational
Research, vol 59, no. (4), 1989 ,
pp. 34-45.

Chicago Manual of Style
Various disciplines esp. History Falchikov, Nancy, & David
and Music Bound. “Student self-assessment
in higher education: A meta
analysis”. Review of Educational
Research 59, no. 4 (1989): 34-45.
 ETHICAL STANDARDS IN WRITING THE
LITERATURE REVIEW
Plagiarism – refers to using ideas and information
created by other people but without attribution to
them.
LEVEL 1: The gravest level of plagiarism (copying a full
paper word for word, w/o acknowledging the source).
LEVEL 2: Lifting a large portion of a research work (up to
50%) without citing its source.
LEVEL 3: Copying specific portions of another work
without citing it. (Sentence-Paragraph)
LEVEL 4: Failure to correctly paraphrase the portions of
this used work.
LEVEL 5: Lowest level; Incorrectly citing a certain source
and copying heavily from it.
 EVALUATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE SELECTED
WORKS

This stage is performed once you have selected all your potential
references. Screen these references you have selected for reliability
and usefulness.
Materials that are closely related to your research
topic.
The following are strategies you can use in evaluating and
analysing your selected references:
1. Obtain an overview. (look for writing’s
abstract)
2. Published by a reputable publisher/journal and
written by legitimate author.
 3. Refrain from using references published by
PREDATORY Journals/Publisher.
4. Refrain form using materials that do not speak for the
concept of your paper.
5. Five years for legit references. (more than five years for
historical study)
6. Group the references according to the
categories.
7. If the reference is relevant, continue reading its
content.
8. Note down the key information from the
reference.
9. Concept Map for relationship. For Venn Diagram, use
similarities and differences.
 DRAFTING THE LITERATURE
REVIEW
Consider how you are going to arrange the
works you will cite.
1. Get a MODEL PAPER
2. Overview of what can be found in your Literature
Review
3. Divide the literature review into two
subsections:
Conceptual Literature Related Studies- sections
– concepts relevant to which presents studies
your study. similar to your own.
4. Conceptual Literature - uses concepts from the title of
the reference or the specific questions and objectives of
your research.
For related studies, you may arrange them in three ways:

a. Thematic Arrangement – Similar or Different from

the previous ones.

b. Chronological Arrangement – Development and

progress

c. Typological Arrangement- Foreign and Local studies

(if there’s any) FOREIGN and LOCAL
5. At the end of related studies subsection,
write a synthesis that shows the research
gap.
6. Define important terms in your study.

Operational Conceptual
Definition Definition
- Used in specific
- Made for your study
discipline

7. You may direct the readers to a particular

scholarly work (If you cannot explain some
concepts)
8. Use Cohesive Devices.
9. Use headings and Subheadings
10.Use direct quotation sparingly.
DIRECT QUOTATION- when stating laws and principles.
11. Brief synthesis at the end of the
literature.
12. Survey all possible sources.