CAÙC LOÃI KYÕ THUAÄT

Paint Film Defects

June 2001
1
 CAÙC LOÃI KYÕ THUAÄT
Paint Defects

Hieän töôïng, nguyeân nhaân vaø caùch söûa chöõa

Appearance, cause and their cure

June 2001
2
Acid attack Bird Droppings Bleaching
Blistering (Contamination) Blistering (Humidity) Blistering (Patterned) Blooming
Blushing Bridging Bubbles
Chalking Checking Cissing
Cobwebbing Cracking Crazing
Crinkling Crows-footing Curtaining
Dirt in paint Dry spray Etching Fading
Fall Out Feather Edge Cracks File Marks
Finger Mark Fish Eyes Frying
Fuzz Grin Through Haloing
Hands on Metal Humidity Blisters Laking
Lapping Marks Lifting Micro Blisters
Mottling Orange Peel Overspray
Patchiness Peeling Pinholing
Pinholing (Plastic Filler) Pitting Pitting (Plastic Filler)
Poor Coverage Poor Drying (no picture) Poor Flow
Poor Hiding Poor Melt-in Poor Opacity
Pops Ringing Runs
Rust under Film Sags Scratch Opening
Saucering Shadowing Shrinking and Splitting Shrinkage
Shrivel Silking Sink Back
Splitting Spotting Striping
Swelling Water Spotting Wax under Film
Webbing Wet Spots Wrinkling
June 2001
3
 Daáu axit
Etching
Hieän töôïng/ Appearance
Sau khi laøm saïch, beà maët sôn xuaát hieän moät
ñoùm chu vi cuûa chuùng baèng gioït axit rôùt vaøo
lôùp sôn. Ñoùm coù veõ hôi thoâ vì vieàn xung
quanh hôi nhoâ leân. Luùc naøy hoaù chaát seõ
taán coâng chaát maøu vaø laø nguyeân nhaân laøm
thay ñoåi maøu taïi ñoùm.
After cleaning, will appear as a dull spot, the perimeter of
which is etched into the paint film. Will frequently feel
rough because edges are raised. At times, chemical fallout
will attack pigments and cause colour change 'spotting'.

June 2001
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Daáu axit / Etching
(Hieän töôïng gioáng nhö bò : Phaân chim rôi, Axit rôi, Loám ñoám vaø rôi rôùt
töø söï nhieãm baån trong coâng nghieäp vaø töï nhieân. ) (Also known as Bird
Droppings, Acid Attack, Spotting and Fall Out from natural and industrial contamination.)

Nguyeân nhaân/ Cause

Do phaân chim rôi, chaát thaûi coân truøng ..., laù caây hay saùp caây vaø
nhöõng chaát thaûi coâng nghieäp rôùt treân beà maët sôn.
Bird droppings, insects etc., leaves or sap from trees and industrial
fallout left deposited on the paint surface.

Ngaên ngöøa & Khaéc phuïc/ Prevention and Cure

Ñaùnh baùt phaù hoaëc ñaùnh boùng taåy saïch nhöõng daáu ñoám treân.
Compound or polish to remove etch outlines and restore gloss level

Trong tröôøng hôïp bò naëng , chaø nhaùm haï ñoám xuoáng vaø sôn laïi ..
In severe cases, sand out defect and refinish.
June 2001
5
 Sôn bò boâng
Striping

Hieän töôïng/ Appearance

Choå ñaäm choå nhaït thöôøng
chaïy song song vôùi nhau treân
beå maët khi hoaøn thieän. Ñaëc
bieät thöôøng thaáy trong maøu
Metallic & Pearl.
A light and dark striped effect usually
running parallel, showing up in
finished work, especially in metallics
and pearls.

June 2001
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 Sôn bò boâng
Striping

Nguyeân nhaân
 Do khi phun sôn tia xoøe ôû phía ngoaøi ra nhieàu coøn ôû chính giöõa ít
sôn hoaëc khoâng coù sôn.
Heavy application on the outer edges of a spray fan and little or no paint in the center of the fan.

 AÙp suaát hôi quaù lôùn, Ñaàu suùng bò ñoùng sôn

Excessive air pressure, 'splitting' the fan (dirty air cap).

 Khi ñöa tay phun khoâng ñoàng ñeàu.

Uneven overlapping of the spray gun stroke.

June 2001
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Sôn bò boâng
Striping
Ngaên ngöøa & Khaéc phuïc/ Prevention and Cure
Söû duïng vaät lieäu ñuùng, chænh aùp suaát theo taøi lieäu goùp yù söû
duïng. Use materials at recommended thinning, air pressures and/or reduce fan
width.

Baûo ñaûm sôn choàng lôùp vôùi nhau 50%.

Take care in overlapping each stroke by 50% over the preceding coat

Giöõ suùng ñeàu tay, khoaûng caùch ñeàu vôùi beà maët trong suoát thôøi
gian phun sôn. Hold gun

at an even distance to the job at all times .

Neáu bò sôn boong, neân sôn laïi vôùi lôùp ñoâi vaø aùp duïng tæ leä pha,
aùp suaát vaø caùch duøng suùng phun ñuùng theo taøi lieäu höôùng daãn.
If striping has occurred, recoat with a double coat using recommended thinner ratios
and
June specified
2001 pressures and apply correct gun technique 8
 ÖÛng nhöïa/ matic 2 thaønh phaàn.
Bleaching of Plastic /Polyester
Fillers
Hieän töôïng/ Appearance
Coù söï thay ñoåi maøu ôû nhöõng vuøng coù
Matic 2 thaønh phaàn sau khi sôn lôùp hoaøn
thieän. Thöôøng choå ñoåi maøu ñoù saùng
hôn nhieàu vaø coù theå nhìn roû ôû caùc
maøu Metallic phuû boùng xanh nhaït vaø
xanh laù.
A change of colour over a plastic filler or stopper loaded
area after the application of the top coat. Usually shows up
as a much lighter 'patch'. Can particularly affect light blue,
green basecoat metallics.

June 2001
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Nguyeân nhaân/ Cause
Do pha troän chaát xuùc taùc quaù lieàu löôïng daãn ñeán tình traïng öûng
maøu ôû lôùp sôn hoaøn thieän
By overcatalyzing the filler with hardener; the excess peroxide in the hardener tends to
bleach out the topcoat colour.
Coù theå do loaïi laøm ñaày chaát löôïng keùm
Can be caused by the use of very low grade fillers.

Ngaên ngöøa vaø Khaéc phuïc/ Prevention and Cure

Pha troän chính xaùc theo söï höôùng daãn nhaø saûn xuaát.
Mix fillers strictly as directed by the manufacturer.
Choïn laøm ñaày chaát löôïng toát .
Choose a recognised brand of filler.
Tröôøng hôïp öûng maøu xaûy ra, haï nhaùm beà maët vaø sôn laïi, tröôøng
hôïp bò naëng, thaáy roõ ôû lôùp hoaøn thieän thì phaûi taåy boû lôùp laøm
ñaày goác cuõ vaø sôn laïi toaøn boä.
If bleaching has occurred sand surface spray on Isolator (according to directions) and
refinish. In severe cases, particularly 2K finishes, the original filler may need to be
removed and the entire repair repeated.

June 2001
10
 Boâng roäp
(Töø söï nhieåm baån)
Blistering (from Contamination)

Hieän töôïng/ Appearance

Lôùp sôn phoàng leân thöôøng
thaáy ôû lôùp sôn ñaõ kho
Irregular pattern of blisters
appearing in the dried paint finish.
â

June 2001
11
Boâng roäp (Töø söï nhieåm baån)/ Blistering (from Contamination)
(Gioáng nhö hieän töôïng Pops, Micro-blisters and Bubbles)
(Also known as Pops, Micro-blisters and Bubbles)
Nguyeân nhaân/ Cause :
Chuaån bò, laøm saïch beà maët khoâng ñuùng/ Improper substrate cleaning or preparation.
Bò nhieåm baån ( Ñöôøng hôi, duïng cuï trong nhaø xöôûng, lôùp sôn cuõ hay ñaõ
bò tröôùc ñoù)/ Contamination (air lines, shop tools, old finish or previous repair).
Ngaên ngöøa & Khaéc phuïc/ Prevention and Cure :
Laøm saïch taát caû caùc beà maët ñöôïc sôn loaïi boû caùc chaát: daàu nhôùt,
saùp, chaát ñaùnh boùng…/ Clean all surfaces to be painted and remove grease, wax,
polish etc .
Baûo ñaûm maùy neùn khí vaø oáng hôi phaûi thaät saïch .
Neáu tình traïng boâng roäp xaûy ra, haï nhaùm phaù mí nhöõng khu vöïc bò
boâng roâp vaø sôn laïi. Trong tröôøng hôïp bò naëng phaûi taày ra ñeán kim loaïi
vaø sôn laïi. Ensure compressors and air lines are drained regularly and kept clean at all
times. If blistering has occurred, sand affected area to a sound surface and refinish. In extreme
cases,
Juneremove
2001 finish down to the metal and refinish. 12
 Moác traéng
Blushing

Hieän töôïng/Appearance
Coù moät lôùp maøng traéng
xuaát hieän treân beà maët ôû
lôùp sôn thôm ( Lacquer) trong
khi hoaëc ngay sau khi vöøa
sôn xong.
A whitish coat appearing on the surface of
acrylic lacquer films only, during or very
soon after spraying.

June 2001
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Moác traéng/ Blushing
( Gioáng hieän töôïng Blooming.)/ (Also known as Blooming.)

Nguyeân nhaân/ Cause

Thôøi tieát xaáu vaø noåi moác coù lieân quan vôùi nhau. Trong ñieàu kieän thôøi tieát aåm öôùt hoaëc
aåm laïnh löôïng dung moâi töø lôùp sôn bay hôi haï thaáp nhieät ñoä beà maët hình thaønh nhöõng gioït
nöôùc raát nhoû treân beà maët. Vieäc söû duïng dung moâi reû tieàn cuõng laø nguyeân nhaân gaây ra tình
traïng treân ñaët bieät trong ñieàu kieän thôøi tieát laïnh. Vieäc thoåi hôi gioù treân maët sôn ( khi daëm vaù)
Cuõng laø nguyeân nhaân. Blushing and bad weather are closely related. In warm humid or cold damp
weather, the evaporation of the solvents from the film lowers the surface temperature, causing moisture
vapor to condense and form tiny droplets of water on the surface. The use of poor quality thinner,
especially in cold, draughty areas will also promote blushing. Fanning air over surface (spot repairs) can
also cause blushing.

Ngaên ngöøa & Khaéc phuïc/ Prevention and Cure

Neân söû duïng dung moâi pha chaát löôïng cao hay theâm moät ít chaát laøm chaäm khoâ vaøo dung moâi
ñang sôn theo höôùng daãn söû duïng( Ñeå tieát kieäm).
Traùnh sôn loaïi sôn lacquer trong phoøng laïnh., khoâng ñeå quaït thoåi trong suoát thôøi gian sôn ñang
khoâ. Trong tröôøng hôïp ñieàu kieän khoâng toát neân hoaõn laïi ñeán khi nhieät ñoä trôû neân toát hôn
roài sôn.
Use a high quality thinner or continue with the present thinner adding retarder according to directions.
To save the job that has 'blushed', apply a mist coat of thinner to which retarder has been added. Avoid
spraying lacquers in draughts or damp cold rooms. Do not fan air over the surface whilst drying. In
extreme conditions, postpone spraying until outside conditions improve.
June 2001
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 Raïn meùp
Bridging

Hieän töôïng/Appearance
Lôùp sôn bò raïn nöùt quanh goùc meùp
( Nhöõng nôi baêng keo daùn, moái noái
hay nôi tieáp giaùp giöõa thaân xe vaø
boä phaän baûo veä). Coù theå luùc
môùi sôn choàng leân giöõa 2 moái maø
khoâng bò raïn nöùt ngay.

Paint film cracked around sharp edges (e.g.

masking tape edge, joint or groove where
body and guard meet). At times, the film may
'tighten' across an acute angle and separate
from the substrate without cracking.

June 2001
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Raïn meùp/ Bridging
Nguyeân nhaân/ Cause
Khoâng chaø nhaùm kyõ voøng quanh giaùp moái , keát quaû ñoä baùm keùm.
Insufficient sanding around joints, mouldings etc. resulting in lack of adhesion.
Söû duïng lôùp vaät lieäu quaù daøy nhöõng khu vöïc ñoù.
Too heavy a build up of material on these areas.
Ngaên ngöøa & Khaéc phuïc/ Prevention and Cure
Chaø nhaùm thaät kyõ nhöõng vuøng moái noái.Haïn cheá aùp duïng sôn quaù
daøy leân nhöõng khu vöïc goác caïnh, moái noái .
Detailed sanding around suspect areas. Eliminate heavy build up of material around sharp

edges, corners and mouldings.

Neáu tröôøng hôïp bò rain meùp, taåy boû nhöõng sôn quanh khu vöïc bò aûnh
höôûng chaø thaät kyõ vaø sôn laïi, sôn nhöõng lôùp moõng hôn vaø coù thôøi
gian chôø giöõa caùc lôùp. If
bridging has occurred, remove finish from affected area, detail sand and refinish, spraying

thinner
June 2001 coats and leaving extended drying time between coats . 16
 Phaán
hoaù
Chalking
Hieän töôïng/Appearance
Nhö phuû moät lôùp boät, lôùp
maøu traéng treân beà maët sôn
gaây keát quaû: môø ñuïc, toái beà
maët.
A powdery, whitish coating on a paint surface,
resulting in a dull, off-shade appearance

June 2001
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Phaán hoùa/ Chalking

Nguyeân nhaân/ Cause

Do phôi döôùi ñieàu kieän thôøi tieát quaù laâu vaø ñieàu kieän töï nhieân ñoù
phaù huyû daàn saéc toá maøu ôû lôùp sôn
Prolonged exposure to weather conditions creates a natural failure of pigmented finishes
because of the gradual breaking down of the film on exposure to the sun's rays
Do nhöõng lôùp buïi baån khi giao thoâng baùm vaøo xe trong thôøi gian daøi
Build up of traffic grime and fall-out on vehicle over time.

Ngaên ngöøa & Khaéc phuïc/ Prevention and Cure

Phaán hoaù nheï coù theå ñaùnh boùng. Naëng hôn phaûi duøng baùt phaù .
Trong tröôøng hôïp quaù naëng phaûi sôn laïi.
Light chalking may be removed by polishing. Heavier chalking will require compounding.
In severe cases, vehicle may require refinishing.

June 2001
18
 Raïn nöùt
Checking

Hieän töôïng/ Appearance

Moät vuøng roäng lôùn coù nhieàu
daáu raïn nöùt treân beà maët lôùp
hoaøn thieän sau thôøi gian ñeå
ngoaøi trôøi.
A large pattern of wide splits with rounded
edges, in the top coat after exposure.

June 2001
19
Raïn nöùt/ Checking
(Gioáng hieän töôïng Crazing.) (Also known as Crazing.)
Nguyeân nhaân/ Cause
Aûnh höôûng bôûi beà maët sôn cuõ hay lôùp sôn cuõ bò saün khoâng bieát sôn
choàng leân, Lôùp sôn quaù daøy.
Effect of old finish or previous repair, under the new paintwork. Excessive film thickness.
Ngaên ngöøa & Khaéc phuïc/ Prevention and Cure
Baûo ñaûm lôùp sôn môùi thích hôïp vôùi beà maët lôùp sôn cuõ vaø lôùp sôn
khoâng quaù daøy.
Ensure new film is compatible with old substrate and that existing builds are not too high .
Khoâng sôn quaù daøy, neân sôn lôùp trung bình.
Do not apply in heavy films, apply in medium coats.
Trong tröôøng hôïp loãi treân khoâng theå söûa baèng caùch chaø nhaùm
nhuyeãn, ñaùnh boùng hay baùt phaù neân chaù nhaùm xuoáng tôùi lôùp loùt
khoïng bò vaø sôn laïi . Trong tröôøng hôïp naëng neân taåy traéng tôùi beà
maaï¨t kim loaïi vaø sôn laïi.
If this defect cannot be restored by fine sanding, compounding or polishing, sand affected
areas to a sound surface and refinish. In very severe cases, affected areas may have to be
stripped to bare metal and repainted using a complete system.
June 2001
20
 Sôn ra sôïi
Webbing / Cobwebbing

Hieän töôïng/Appearance
Hieän töôïng taïo sôïi khi sôn thöôøng
chæ xaûy ra vôùi sôn Acrylic lacquer
Cobweb appearance of a paint film
deposited on the surface, common to acrylic

lacquers.

June 2001
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 Sôn taïo Sôïi/ Webbing/Cobwebbing

Nguyeân nhaân/ Cause

Laø söï keát hôïp giöõa dung moâi pha keùm chaát löôïng, tæ leä pha thaáp
vaø sôn aùp xuaát cao A
combination of under-thinning and high air pressures

Ngaên ngöøa & Khaéc phuïc/ Prevention and Cure:

Söû duïng tæ leä dung moâ pha vaø aùp xuaát hôi theo goùp yù söû duïng
Use recommended thinning ratios and specified pressures.

Neáu tình traïng sôn taïo sôïi xaûy ra neân chaø phaúng xuoáng vaø sôn laïi. If
webbing has occurred sand to a smooth surface and refinish.

June 2001
22
 Sôn gaåy
Cracking

Hieän töôïng/ Appearance

Söï phaùt trieån khoâng ñeàu ñaën
nhöõng daáu raïn gaåy treân beà
maët ôû lôùp hoaøn thieän.
Development of irregular line cracks
in the surface of the finish.

June 2001
23
 Sôn gaåy/ Cracking
(Gioáng nhö hieän töôïng/ Also known as Crazing, Splitting, Checking and Crows-footing

Nguyeân nhaân/ Cause:

1.Trong suoát thôøi gian phun/ During Spraying :
Sôn quaù eùp ôø lôùp hoaøn thieän : quaù daày, quaù nhanh, ..
Too heavy an application of topcoats i.e. 'piling on', too thick, too quick
Aûnh höôûng bôûi lôùp sôn cuõ hay ñaõ bò tröôùc ñoù
Effect of old finish or previous repair.
Sôn laïi quaù sôùm treân lôùp sôn haáp
Premature recoating of partially cured films.
Sôn leân treân beà maët raát laïnh ( ñoùi vôùi loaïi Acrylic Lacquer)
Coating a very cold surface (Acrylic Lacquer base).

2.Trong thôøi gian xuaát xöôûng / In Service

Do heä thoáng sôn chaát löôïng keùm ñeå ñeå laâu ngoaøi trôøi döôùi söï
phaùt xaï tia cöïc tím Poor
quality paint system that breaks down over time on exposure to UV radiation
Lôùp sôn ñoä xaây döïng quaù thaáp coù theå daãn ñeán lôùp sôn sôùm bò
gaåy. Too low film build, especially topcoat, can lead to early paint breakdown. 24
June 2001
Ngaên Ngöøa & Khaéc Phuïc/ Prevention and Cure
Baûo ñaûm caùc böôùc khi aùp duïng lôùp hoaøn thieän phaûi ñuùng tröôùc khi
sôn phuø hôïp vôùi ñieàu kieän thôøi tieát khi sôn khoâng muø quaùng aùp
duïng theo thôøi gian chuaån theo taøi lieäu.
Ensure that previously applied coatings are at the correct stage to receive top coats. Weather conditions
will alter drying times - so don't blindly follow a standard time
Traùnh sôn quaù eùp giöõa caùc lôùp excessive
Avoid excessive 'piling-on' of coats.
Baûo ñaûm lôùp sôn hoaøn thieän phaûi phuø hôïp vôùi lôùp phía döôùi chuùng.
Baûo ñaûm lôùp sôn quaù daøy khi sôn laïi.
Ensure top coat is compatible with substrate underneath and that existing film builds are not too high
before refinishing
Söû duïng heä thoáng sôn chaát löôïng cao vaø aùp duïng soá lôùp ñeå ñaït ñoä
phuû cho pheùp. Use a good
quality paint system applying recommended number of coats to achieve correct film build.
Neáu tình traïng sôn gaåy xaûy ra neân chaø nhaùm xuoáng lôùp loùt coøn toát
vaø sôn laïi . Trong tröôøng hôïp naëng neân chaø ñeán beà maët kim loaïi vaø
sôn laïi hoaøn toaøn.
If cracking or crazing has occurred, sand affected areas to a sound surface and refinish. In extreme
cases, remove finish down to metal and completely refinish.
June 2001
25
 Sôn baån
Dirt in Paint

Hieän töôïng/ Appearance

Coù nhöõng haït buïi, chaát baãn
ôû lôùp sôn hoaøn thieän
Inclusion of dirt or dust in the finish.

June 2001
26
Nguyeân nhaân/ Cause
Sôn lôùp hoaøn thieän treân beà maët dô baån, buïi
Applying finish over dirty and dusty surface.
Sôn khoâng ñöôïc quaäy ñeàu tröôùc khi söû duïng
Failure to strain all materials before use.
Buïi baån bay vaøo trong suoát thôøi gian sôn
Airborne dust, contamination of paint during spraying
Ngaên ngöøa & Khaéc phuïc/ Prevention and Cure :
Thoåi buïi vaø duøng gieû dính buïi tröôùc khi sôn
Blow off the job with compressed air and wipe over with a tack rag before spraying .
Quaäy ñeàu lon sôn ñeå ñaûm baûo söï ñoàng boä maøu vaø hoaø tan vôùi nhau
tröôùc khi phun. Stir
all materials thoroughly to obtain a uniform mixture and strain before use.
Laøm saïch nhöõng vuøng xung quanh xöôûng, phoøng sôn tröôùc khi phun. Clean
the surrounding work or booth area before spraying.
Trong tröôøng hôïp buïi trong sôn xaûy ra chaø nhaùm xuoáng thaät phaúng vaø
sôn laïi. Neáu bò nheï coù theå chaø nhaùm nhuyeãn vaø ñaùnh baùt phaù, baùt
boùng. If already
occurred, sand down to a smooth surface and refinish. If isolated dirt, sand flat with fine
paper, compound and polish.
June 2001
27
 Raïn mí
Feather Edge Cracks

Hieän töôïng/ Appearance

Caùc veát nöùt xuaát hieän
trong khu vöïc gíap mí/
Cracking around the edges of a
feather-edge repair.

June 2001
28
RAÏN MÍ Feather Edge Cracks
Nguyeân Nhaân Cause
Pha quaù nhieàu dung moâi hoaëc dung moâi keùm chaát luôïng. Too much or poor quality thinner
or reducer.
Giai ñoaïn chuaån bò beà maët chöa chuaån do duøng giaáy nhaùm quaù thoâ ñeå haï mí vaø
nhöõng choã naøy seõ bò taùc ñoäng bôûi dung moâi Improper substrate preparation brought about by
using coarse papers on feather edges with resultant attack by solvents from the following paint coatings.
Sôn eùp caùc lôùp quaù öôùt. 'Piling-on' in heavy wet coats.

Do taùc ñoäng cuûa beà maët sôn cuõ hoaëc söûa chöõa tröôùc ñoù. Effect of an old finish or
previous repair.
Nhieät ñoä xöôûng sôn thaáp quaù. Poor shop temperature (too cold).
Duøng quaït ñeå thoåi khoâ sôn. Fanning with air to dry.
Khoâng ñuû thôøi gian chôø giöõa caùc lôùp. Fast flash time between coats.

June 2001
29
RAN MÍ Feather Edge Cracks
Ngaên Ngöøa Vaø Caùch Khaéc Phuïc Prevention and Cure

Pha dung moâi ñuùng tæ leä vaø duøng loaïi dung moâi ñeà nghò. Choose correct thinning ratio and
use specified thinner.
Duøng nhaùm ñeå haï mí. Use fine papers to feather edges of repair.
Khoâng sôn caùc lôùp quaù öôùt. Do not apply in heavy wet coats.
Ñaûm baûo raèng caùc lôùp sôn beân treân töông thích vôùi beà maët beân döôùi. Ensure new
top coat is compatible with substrate underneath.
Saáy noùng khu vöïc xöôûng hoaëc beà maët caàn sôn. Heat shop area or substrate being painted.
Khoâng duøng quaït gioù thoåi khoâ vì ñieàu naøy chæ laøm khoâ beà maët. Do not fan with air as
this causes surface drying only.
Chôø ñuû thôøi gian khoâ cuûa caùc lôùp. Allow recommended flash times between coats.
Ñeå xöõ lyù khu vöïc bò raïn mí , chaø nhaùm heát khu vöïc bò loåi , taïo beà maët thaät
phaúng vaø sôn hoaøn thieän laïi. To eliminate feather edge cracking, sand to a sound, smooth finish and
refinish.

June 2001
30
 Soïc nhaùm
File Marks

Hieän töôïng/Appearance
Nhìn thaáy nhöõng soïc lôùn
haèng beân döôùi lôùp sôn
hoaøn thieän
Heavy file marks showing through
topcoats.

June 2001
31
NGUYEÂN NHAÂN Cause
Do nhöõng veát xöôùt quaù saâu maø khoâng ñöôïc laøm ñaày bôûi lôùp sôn
loùt hoaëc lôùp matic. Deep
scars left by coarse files without sufficient filling from undercoat and putty applications .

NGAÊN NGÖØA & KHAÉC PHUÏC Prevention and Cure

Chaø nhaùm nhuyeãn hôn vôùi maùy chaø dóa troøn hoaëc chaø vôùi giaáy
nhaùm haï daàn nhöõng veát xöôùt saâu ñoù.
Sand file marks with an orbital sander, or wet or dry paper to eliminate deep gouges.
Laøm ñaày nhöõng daáu xöôùt vôùi sôn loùt vaø Matic .
Fill with adequate applications of undercoat and stopper.
Neáu hieän töôïng soïc nhaùm xaûy ra neân haï nhaùm beà maët thaät phaúng,
mòn vaø sôn laïi lôùp sôn loùt , matic . sau ñoù sôn loùt laïi laàn nöõa tröôùc
khi sôn lôùp hoaøn thieän. If
file marks are already showing, sand to smooth surface and refinish with undercoat,
apply stopper, undercoat again, then spray topcoats.

June 2001
32
 Maét caù
FISH EYES

Hieän töôïng Appearance

Nhöõng loå hình cheùn xuaát
hieän treân beà maët sôn hoaøn
thieän. Ñoâi khi chuùng noåi leân
rôøi raït hoaëc noåi leân töøng
ñaùm lôùn.
Small saucer shaped imperfections
appearing in the top coat. Sometimes
they appear in isolation, at other times
in 'clusters'.

June 2001
33
(Gioáng nhö hieän töôïng/ Also known as Cratering, Saucering and Cissing.)

Nguyeân nhaân/ Cause

Beà maët bò nhieåm baån bôûi : daàu nhôøn, silicon töø trong chaát ñaùnh
boùng… Surface
contamination, oil, silicone polish residual etc.

Ngaên ngöøa & Khaéc phuïc/ Prevention and Cure

Baûo ñaûm taát caû beà maët phaûi saïch tröôùc khi tieán haønh sôn baát cöù
loaïi gì (Söû duïng dung moâi taåy röûa pha vôùi nöôùc hoaëc xaø phoøng
nöôùc) Ensure all surfaces are thoroughly cleaned before any operation. (Use a solvent
based water-miscible cleaner or mild detergent. In severe cases, use water-miscible
cleaner in flatting water).

Baûo ñaûm khu vöïc söû duïng nhöõng chaát coù chöùa silicon, wax.. phaûi
thaät xa khu vöïc phoøng sôn.
Ensure that any operations involving the use of silicone products are carried out in a
building separate from the paint shop.

Taåy saïch nhöõng nôi bò loãi vaø sôn laïi.

Remove
June 2001
the affected paint and respray.
34
CHUÙ YÙ/ NOTES :
Söû duïng daàu khoaùng duøng boâi trôn maùy neùn khí.
Use a recommended mineral oil for lubrication of the compressor

Baûo ñaûm daàu vaø nhöõng oáng hôi thích hôïp nhau, nhöõng oáng daây
thöôøng tích tuï daàu trong oáng thöôøng khoâng ñöôïc söû duïng cho phoøng
sôn.
Be sure that oil and fluid hoses are suitable. Silicone contamination has been traced to
hoses not specially manufactured for spray painting

Vieäc söû duïng moät soá phuï gia ñeå ngaên ngöøa tình traïng loå daàu thöôøng
khoâng ñöôïc goùp yù söû duïng . Nhöõng phuï gia laøm nhieãm baån xöôûng
vaø nhöõng khu vöïc laân caän vaø cuõng coù theå laøm giaûm ñoä baùm cho
lôùp sôn sau naøy.
The use of silicone-containing additives to prevent cratering is not recommended. These additives
contaminate the paint shop and other work around and can also lead to future adhesion failure.

June 2001
35
 Ñoám
Haloing

Hieän töôïng/ Appearance

Daáu ñaäm hoaëc nhaït xuaát
hieän xung quanh ngoaøi daáu
ñoám ñang daëm vaù thöôøng
xaûy ra ôû maøu Metallic.

Light or dark shadow around the outer

edge of a spot repair usually in
metallics.

June 2001
36
Ñoám, Quaàng
(Gioáng hieän töôïng/ Also known as 'ringing'.)

Nguyeân nhaân/ Cause

Do lôùp phun söông quaù daày ôû lôùp hoaøn thieän laø nguyeân nhaân
laøm noåi nhöõng haït nhoâm hay chaát maøu ôû vieàn ngoaøi ñoám daëm
vaù. By heavy mist
coating of the top coat which can cause flotation of aluminium particles or pigment on
repair patch edges.
Ñieàu chænh suùng phun khoâng ñuùng kyõ thuaät.
Incorrect blending technique.

Ngaên ngöøa & Khaéc phuïc/ Prevention and Cure

Ñieàu chænh suùng phun ñuùng kyõ thuaät: Chænh aùp suaát, chænh suùng,
sôn phun nheï meùp ngoaøi ñoám traùnh sôn vaøo trung taâm.
Adjust blending technique i.e. air pressure, gun technique, lightly mist coat around the
patch edges only, avoiding the repair centre.
Neân sôn lôùp daàu boùng ñeå baûo veä haït nhoâm taïo lieàn mí khi ñaùnh
boùng. Overseal with
Clearcoat to protect metallic edges when buffing.
June 2001
37
 Daáu tay Hands on Metal
Hieän töôïng/ Appearance
(Töông töï hieän töôïng/ Also known as Finger Marks and Hand
Print Blistering.)
Tay baïn duø saïch ñi maáy cuõng luoân coù moät vaøi chaát baån,
môõ, daàu hay ñoå moà hoâi laø nguyeân nhaân gaây ra phoàng
roâp hay ñoä baùm dính keùm. Khi söû duïng tay khoâng cho
nhöõng ñoà vaät ñöôïc sôn.
No matter how clean the hands may seem, there is always
some dirt, grease, oil or perspiration which will cause
blistering and poor adhesion. Keep bare hands off the
surface to be painted.
Trong daây chuyeàn taïi caùc nhaø maùy saûn xuaát lôùn khoâng
cho pheùp söû duïng tay khoâng sôø tröïc tieáp vaøo xe trong qua
trình tieán haønh sôn . Sau khi söû lyù baèng hoaù chaát ngöôøi
coâng nhaân söû duïng gaêng tay baèng vaûi coton. Ñoù cuõng laø
bieän phaùp toát nhaát cho taát caû thôï sôn aùp duïng theo.
In motor body assembly plants, cars are never directly
touched with human hands. After being chemically cleaned -
the operators wear cotton gloves. It is a good practice for all
painters to follow.
June 2001
38
 Phoàng, doäp (Ñoä aåm)
Blistering(Humidity)
Hieän töôïng / Appearance
Phoàng roâp leân nhieàu nôi treân beà maët
vôùi nhieàu kích côû, taäo trung ôû lôùp sôn
môùi hay sôn cuõ trong ñieàu kieän ñoä aåm
vaø nhieät ñoä leân cao. Nhöõng daáu phoàng
roäp seõ xeïp xuoáng khi ñoä aåm trong
khoâng khí giaûm xuoáng.
An even spread of pimple-like blisters of
various sizes and concentrations which
can occur in 'fresh' or aged paintwork in
conditions of extreme humidity and high
temperatures. These blisters will often
'settle back' to a smooth film when
atmospheric humidity reduces.

June 2001
39
Nguyeân nhaân/ Cause
Baát kyø ñoä baùm keùm naøo töø lôùp hoaøn thieän tôùi lôùp sôn loùt vaø töø
lôùp loùt ñeán beà maët kim loaïi.
Any weakness in adhesion of finish to undercoat, alternatively, poor adhesion of undercoat to metal.

Khoâng lôùp sôn naøo maø khoâng huùt aåm, döôùi moät soá ñieàu kieän toät
baäc chuùng seõ thaám qua lôùp sôn nhö moät chaát loûng vaø naåy sinh nhö
moät hôi nöôùc. Vaø theá laø baát kyø trong lôùp sôn coù ñieåm naøo yeáu thì taïi
ñoù seõ naåy sinh hieän töôïng phoàng, doäp taïi ñoù.
No paint is impervious to moisture which, under extreme conditions will permeate the paint as a liquid, and
later emerge as a vapor. Any weakness in the paint system will allow the moisture to condense and form a
globule which becomes a blister.

Caùc böôùc tieán haønh

To assist in minimising the chances of humidity blistering occurring, the following steps should be
followed:

June 2001
40
Phaûi taåy röûa cho taát caû caùc kim loaïi traàn
Metal pre-treatment of all bare metal
Trong ñieàu kieän thôøi tieát toät baäc ( öôùt, aåm) chæ neân chaø khoâ.
In extreme (wet or humid) weather conditions, dry sand only. All sanding to be thorough.
Söû duïng nöôùc khöõ khoaùng ôû böôùc röûa cuoái cuøng nhöõng khu vöïc chaø
nöôùc. Use of
demineralised water for final rinsing, if wet sanding in hard water areas
Baûo ñaûm taát caû caùc maùy neùn khí vaø ñöôøng khí khoâng coù chöùa hôi
aåm. Ensure all compressors and air lines are kept free of moisture .
Baûo ñaûm taát caû beà maët phaûi khoâ tröôùc khi tieán haønh sôn.
Ensure job is perfectly dry prior to any painting.
Baûo ñaûm lôùp sôn hoaøn thieän phaûi ñöôïc sôn ñuû lôùp
Ensure sufficient build of topcoat is applied.
Khoâng phôi xe vöøa môùi sôn ra ngoaøi trôøi khi thôøi tieát xaáu.
Do not prematurely expose fresh paintwork to poor outside weather conditions.
Khoâng phôi lôùp sôn loùt ngoaøi ñöôøng, trong khi chôø sôn lôùp hoaøn thieän.
Do not allow
street exposure of undercoated vehicles for topcoating 'later'.
Söû duïng ñuùng lôùp sôn loùt thích hôïp vôùi lôùp hoaøn thieän.
June 2001
Use correct undercoat for topcoat 41
 Ngaên ngöøa & Khaéc phuïc/ Prevention and Cure

Söû duïng heä thoáng sôn ñöôïc ñeà nghò söû duïng Use
only recommended painting systems

Khi nhöõng veát phoàng khoâng bi beå ra, hôi aåm seõ töï bay hôi thoaùt
ra vaø lôùp sôn coù theå xeïp xuoáng trôû veà traïng thaùi cuõ.
When blisters do not break, moisture will evaporate of its own accord, and the
paint film may resume original appearance.

Veát phoàng phaûi xeïp xuoáng ( nôi bò phoàng leân) töø lôùp loùt hoaëc
töø lôùp kim loaïi vaø sau ñoù chaø nhaùm sôn laïi.
Blisters must be sanded back to either undercoat or metal (wherever the blistering
started) and repainted.

Chæ coù theå taåy ra saïch ñeán kim loaïi roài sôn laïi, thì sôn môùi beàn.
Strip to clean metal and refinish again may be the only long term solution.

June 2001
42
 Sôn ruùt
Laking

Hieän töôïng/ Appearance

Do aûnh höôûng ôû nhöõng
vuøng ñöôïc daëm vaù, bò suïp
xuoáng gioáng nhö moät hoá
sau khi sôn lôùp hoaøn thieän.
The effect of a repair area shrinking
back to leave a depression that
resembles a 'lake' in the finished
topcoat.

June 2001
43
 Ruùt sôn
(Gioáng nhö hieän töôïng Sink Back or Shrinkage.)
Nguyeân nhaân/ Cause
Chaø nhaùm haï mí nhöõng meùp khoâng ñuùng
Incorrect feathering of repair patch edges.

Aùp duïng lôùp sôn keá caän trong khi lôùp döôùi chöa kòp khoâ, hieän
töôïng naøy xaûy ra nhöng khoâng theå nhìn thaáy do aùp duïng lôùp
sôn loùt coù ñoä boùng thaáp, neân khi sôn lôùp hoaøn thieän coù ñoä
boùng cao neân nhìn thaáy roõ. The
application of subsequent coats before previous coats have dried out sufficiently.
Stopper shrinkage has occurred and whilst not visible after the application of low
gloss undercoats, the gloss of the top coats show up the lake or sink back effect.

Sôn eùp nhieàu lôùp. Piling-on

Khoâng coù thôøi gian chôø caùch lôùp.

Insufficient flash time between coats of undercoat and colour coats.

June 2001
44
Ngaên ngöøa & Khaéc phuïc/ Prevention and Cure:
Neân chaø nhaùm haï mí xuoáng thaät saùt. Söû duïng thanh chaø matic, traùnh
chaø dí baèng tay seõ haïn cheá hieän töôïng ruùt sôn
Correct feathering of patch edges avoiding sharp depressions or grooves from finger rubbing will
minimise the effect of 'laking
Ñeå cho caùc vaät lieäu sôn coù ñuû thôøi gian khoâ, tuyø thuoäc vaøo ñoä
daøy, ñieàu kieän thôøi tieát.
Allow all filling materials adequate drying times, depending on thickness of application and weather
conditions
Khoâng neân sôn eùp naëng tay caùc lôùp sôn loùt, sôn hoaøn thieän.
Do not pile-on undercoats and topcoats in heavy wet coats.
Neân choù thôøi gian chôø giöõa caùc lôùp.
Allow recommended flash times between coats.
Khoâng neân ñeå quaït thoåi gioù chæ khoâ treân beà maët laøm cho dung moâi
phía beân döôùi khoù thoaùt hôi. Khi tröôøng hôïp ruùt sôn xaûy ra neân chaø
nhaùm haï xuoáng thaät saùt vaø sôn laïi.
Do not fan the surface with air thus causing surface drying only, with the trapping of solvents
underneath. When 'laking' or sink back has occurred, sand surface to a smooth finish, and refinish.

June 2001
45
 Doäp sôn
Lifting, Frying or Swelling

Hieän töôïng/ Appearance

Ta thaáy nhöõng ñöôøng quanh
mí daëm vaù bò phoàng doäp
leân.
Swelling of finish in sections
generally leaving dull raised
patches, usually in some form of
pattern.

June 2001
46
Doäp sôn
(Töông töï Crinkling)

Nguyeân nhaân / Cause

Söû duïng sai dung moâi, vd: dung moâi quaù maïnh.
Wrong type of thinner, e.g. too strong.

Sôn lôùp hoaøn thieän treân beà maët chöa hoaøn toaøn taåy saïch daàu, môû
chaát ñaùnh boùng vaø vaät lieäu khaùc.
Application of finish over a surface from which wax, grease, polish or other foreign matter has not been
completely removed.

Sôn treân lôùp sôn loùt chöa ñuû thôøi gian khoâ.
Improper re-coat time allowing solvents to affect soft or undercured primers, undercoats or topcoats

AÛnh höôûng bôûi lôùp sôn cuõ hoaëc lôùp sôn daëm vaù tröôùc ñoù.
Effect of old finish or previous repair.

June 2001
47
Ngaên ngöøa & Khaéc phuïc / Prevention and Cure

Söû duïng dung moâi theo taøi lieäu kyõ thuaät vaø pha theo tæ leä ñeà nghò
Use recommended thinner and follow
thinning ratios specified
Luoân laøm thaät saïch beà maët tröôùc khi sôn ñeå loaïi boû nhöõng taïp chaát: daàu
môû, chaát ñaùnh boùng tröôùc khi chaø nhaùm vaø tröôùc khi sôn
Always clean surface to be painted to remove wax,
grease etc. before sanding and again before painting
Neân ñeå lôùp sôn loùt ñuû thôøi gian khoâ. Traùnh sôn khi lôùp sôn döôùi chöa
hoaøn toaøn khoâ.
Allow undercoats to dry out thoroughly. Avoid excessive application which may retard complete
drying.
Baûo ñaûm lôùp sôn maøu phaûi thích hôïp vôùi beà maët phía döôùi . Trong tröôøng
hôïp ñaët bieät buoäc phaûi chaáp nhaän khoâng ñoàng boä neân sôn raõi lôùp ñaàu.
Ensure top coats are
compatible with substrates, and except where otherwise specified, first coat of finish should be a
light, even coat
Trong tröôøng hôïp sôn doäp xaûy ra neân chaø nhaùm haï mí thaät phaúng ñeán lôùp
sôn coøn toát sau ñoù sôn laïi.
June 2001
48
 Sôn bò phoàng doäp
Blistering
(Patterned)

Hieän töôïng Appearance

Xuaát hieän caùc veát doäi leân
treân beà maët sôn phuû , hoaëc
sôn bò phoàng leân vaø bò taùc
ñoäng nhö veát leâ cuûa oác
seân.
'Bumps' beneath the top coat, 'patterned
blistering' or 'snail trail' effect in top coat.

June 2001
49
Nguyeân Nhaân Cause

Khoâng laøm saïch caùc caën baõ do chaø nhaùm öôùt ñeå laïi seõ laøm cho lôùp
sôn bò boâng troùc Inadequate removal of sanding sludge will eventually lead to blistering on
exposure.
Do sôn leân nhöõng beà maët chaø nhaùm öôùt maø nhöõng beà maët naøy: Painting
over previously wet sanded areas where:
(a) Nöôùc chaø nhaùm coù nhieàu khoaùng chaát Water used has had high mineral
content,
vaø / hoaëc and / or
(b) Khoâng laøm khoâ thaät kyõ beà maët tröôùc khi sôn phuû has not been
thoroughly dried prior to coating.
Do caùc lôùp sôn cuõ ñaõ bò nhieãm baån Contaminated layers exist in previously painted
systems.

June 2001
50
Ngaên Ngöøa Vaø Caùch Khaéc Phuïc Prevention and Cure

Kieåm tra caùc beà maët sôn söûa chöõa tröôùc ñoù thaät kyõ.
Carefully examine surface for signs of previous repairs.

Lau thaät saïch caùc caën baõ do chaø nhaùm öôùt ñeå laïi treân beà maët
Remove sanding sludge with care after wet sanding operations.

Röûa saïch beà maët ngay sau khi baïn chaø nhaùm öôùt khoâng ñeå caën baõ khoâ treân
beà maët ñaõ hoaøn thieän
Rinse off as you go. Do not allow sludge to dry off on completed panels.

Thay nöôùc chaø nhaùm öôùt thöôøng xuyeân

Change water in sanding bucket frequently.

Duøng nöôùc khöõ khoaùng ñeå röõa beà maët tröôùc khi sôn phuû
Consider using demineralised water for final rinsing prior to topcoating.

Neân duøng phöông phaùp chaø nhaùm khoâ

Consider using dry sanding only, where poor atmospheric conditions exist.

Neáu caùc caën do chaø nhaùm nhaùm öôùt ñaõ gaây nhieãm baån cho beà maët thì phaûi
chaø nhaùm laáy saïch caùc saïn naøy sau ñoù sôn taùi hoaøn thieän laïi.
If sanding sludge contamination has already occurred, sand to a sound finish and refinish.
June 2001
51
 Mottling
Hieän töôïng Appearance
Gioáng nhö veát buùa boå vaø coù veát
loang cuûa nöôùc thöôøng xaõy ra ñoái
vôùi maøu Metallic hoaëc maøu pearl.
Laøm xuaát hieän caùc veát troøn ñaäm bao
quanh, ôû giöõa laø maøu Metallic nhaït,
hoaëc caùc choå maøu ñaäm nhaït khaùc
nhau. Chæ xuaát hieän sau khi aùo boùng.
A flooded, heavy hammer-like effect in metallic or pearl
finishes. Gives the appearance of small dark circles
surrounding a light metallic centre or patches of light and
dark areas of colour.
In basecoats, the effect is often not apparent until application
of the clearcoat.
June 2001
52
Mottling ( Töông töï nhö ALSO known as Patchiness. )
Nguyeân Nhaân Cause
Pha dung moâi khoâng ñuùng tæ leä (thöôøng do pha ít dung moâi)
Incorrect reduction in thinner, usually underthinning.
Caàm suùng quaù gaàn beà maët caàn sôn. Holding the gun too close to the job.
Do sôn quaù daøy laøm caùc caùnh baïc khoâng bung.
'Piling-on' in heavy coats causing the aluminium particles to flood.
Nhieät ñoä xöôûng sôn thaáp. Shop temperature too cold.
Khoâng ñuû thôøi gian chôø giöõa caùc lôùp. Insufficient time between coats.
Tay ngheà coøn yeáu. Poor application technique.
Caùc lôùp maøu chöa khoâ ñaõ aùo keo. Thoåi khoâ beà maët tröôùc khi aùo keo .
In basecoats, insufficient flash-off times before application of clearcoat. Dry spray on surface of basecoats
prior to overcoating with clearcoat.

June 2001
53
MOTTLING (Töông töï nhö Also known as Patchiness.)
Phoøng Ngöøa Vaø Caùch Khaéc Phuïc Prevention and Cure

Pha dung moâi ñuùng tæ leä Use thinning ratio recommended.

Caàm suùng ñuùng khoaûng caùch vôùi beà maët caàn sôn, toác ñoä sôn hôïp lí. Use correct
spray technique for gun distance and speed.
Khoâng ñöôïc sôn quaù eùp nhieàu lôùp öôùt Do not pile-on in heavy wet coats.
Saáy noùng xöôûng neáu coù theå Warm shop conditions if possible.
Chôø khoâ giöõa caùc lôùp sôn theo ñuùng thôøi gian ñeà nghò
Follow flash off times between coats as recommended.
Neáu xaõy ra khi ñang phuû maøu thì xöõ lí baèng caùch phun lôùp ñoâi vôùi hoãn hôïp sôn
pha ñuùng tæ leä dung moâi vaø kyõ thuaät phun sôn If mottling has occurred, allow colour coat to set
up, then apply another double coat using correct thinning ratio and spray technique. (Cross coating recommended.)
Neáu xaõy ra sau khi aùo boùng thì phaûi tham khaûo thoâng tin cuûa nhaø saûn xuaát theo
töøng loaïi sôn.
If mottling occurs in basecoats after application of clearcoat follow paint manufacturer's recommendation for paint
type.

June 2001
54
 Saàn da cam
Orange Peel

Hieän Töôïng / Appearance

Xuaát hieän caùc veát gôïn treân
maøng sôn do khi sôn chænh löu
löôïng sôn khoâng ñuùng hoaëc
sôn do ñoä daøy maøng sôn.
The pock-marked or lumpy appearance of a
sprayed film due to its failure to flow to a level
film.

June 2001
55
Saàn da cam Orange Peel (töông töï nhö Also known as Poor Flow )
Nguyeân nhaân Cause
Sôn quaù daøy hoaëc sôn quaù ñaëc Material too thick.
Dung moâi keùm chaát löôïng hoaëc pha khoâng ñuû dung moâi hoaëc duøng sai caáp ñoä dung moâi
Poor quality thinner or insufficiently thinned or wrong grade of thinner.
Phun sôn khoâng tôi gaây bôûi vieäc caàm suùng hoaëc chænh suùng khoâng ñuùng Improper atomization
caused by faulty handling or setting of the spray gun.
Ngaên ngöøa vaø caùch khaéc phuïc Prevention and Cure
Choïn loaïi dung moâi ñuùng caáp ñoä vaø loaõng dung moâi theo ñuùng tæ leä Choose correct grade of thinner
and thin according to directions.
Coá gaéng traùnh sai kyõ thuaät sôn nhö : laéc caùnh tay, sôn treân beà roäng quaù lôùn, laéc coã tay.
Giöõ suùng caùch beà maët caàn sôn 20 cm (Lacquer) vaø 20 -25 cm (Enamel), chænh suùng theo aùp
suaát chæ ñònh. Duøng suùng phuø hôïp cho sôn phuû maøu
To avoid poor spraying technique, use arm in full, long strokes, keeping parallel to the surface without wrist action. Hold gun at right angles 15-20
cm for lacquers and 20-25 cm for enamels from the surface, using specified air pressures. Use suitable gun set up for topcoat being used.

Khoâng duøng quaït thoåi beà maët sôn vì seõ laøm cho beà maët khoâ nhöng khoâng… Do not fan air over
surface as this causes surface drying without flow

Ñeå khaéc phuïc beà maët bò saàn da cam ñaùnh boùng vôùi paùt phaù phuø hôïp khi beà maët ñaõ khoâ
hoaøn toaøn. Tröôøng hôïp bò naëng, duoät nhaùm nhuyeãn ñeå beà maët phaúng laïi vaø ñaùnh boùng
laïi , söû duïng ñuùng caáp ñoä dung moâi theo ñieàu kieän nhieät ñoä cuûa xöôûng sôn.
To remove orange peel effect, buff with a suitable compound when thoroughly dry. In extreme cases fine sand down to a smooth surface and rebuff,
or refinish, using a grade of thinner suitable for the spraying conditions.

June 2001
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 Taøn sôn / Beà maët bò
caùm Overspray
Hieän töôïng Appearance
Treân beà maët sôn xuaát hieän
caùc maøng caùm, caùc haït
naøy coù theå mòn hay thoâ
laøm cho beà maët saàn nhö
giaáy nhaùm.
Dusty appearance on finish giving either a fine
or coarse, grainy or sandy effect.

June 2001
57
Sôn dính taøn (beà maët bò caùm ) Overspray
(töông töï nhö Also known as Dry Spray, Fuzz or Poor 'Melt-In'.)

Nguyeân Nhaân Cause

Thöôøng bò ôû nhöõng nôi : ñöôøng gôø giöõa trung taâm capoâ xe, mui xe hoaëc
nhöõng nôi choàng leân nhau vaø khu vöïc gheùp noái treân khu vöïc sôn roäng.
Usually found where the finish forms a center line on bonnets, turrets or overlaps and join up areas on large
spray jobs.

Do aùp suaát khí neùn quaù lôùn, ñoái löu cuûa khoâng khí khoâng ñaït yeâu caàu
(do noùng) hoaëc dung moâi hoùa hôi quaù nhanh, hoaëc kyõ thuaät phun khoâng
ñuùng.
Excessive air pressure, poor (especially hot) air movement around the job or thinner being too fast, or by
improper use of the spray gun.

June 2001
58
Sôn dính taøn (Beà maët bò caùm) Overspray
(Töông tö nhö Also known as Dry Spray, Fuzz or Poor 'Melt-In'.)
Ngaên Ngöøa Vaø Khaéc Phuïc Prevention and Cure
Aùp duïng ñuùng kyõ thuaät phun Use good spraying technique.
Duøng dung moâi chaát löôïng toát Use good quality thinner.
Chænh ñuùng aùp suaát khí neùn vaøo suùng Use correct air pressure.
Ñieàu naøy laøm ñuùng ñoä nhôùt hoãn hôïp sôn This to correct viscosity.
Theâm phuï gia chaäm khoâ neáu sôn trong ñieàu kieän noùng vaø khoâ, hoaëc duøng moâi
hoùa hôi chaäm hôn Add retarder if conditions are hot and dry, or use slower thinner.
Chænh ñuùng caùc thoâng soá cuûa suùng Use correct spray gun set-up.
Traùnh chuyeån ñoäng hoãn ñoän cuûa doøng khí Avoid turbulent air movement.

Xaõy ra ôû lôùp sôn loùt Undercoats : lau vôùi gieû nhuùng dung moâi, chôø khoâ cöùng
sau ñoù chaø nhaùm
Remove by washing off with thinner and rag, or allow to harden and remove by flatting.

Xaõy ra ôû lôùp maøu Finishes : Khaéc phuïc phun khoâ ôû lôùp maøu baèng caùch chaø
nhaùm vôùi nhaùm nhuyeãn P1200 vaø ñaùnh boùng vôùi paùt phaù ñeå khoâi phuïc ñoä
boùng .
Dry spray of the final coat may be removed by flatting with P1200 grade abrasive paper, and the gloss restored by
using a polishing compound.

June 2001
59
 Lôùp sôn bò loät,
bong troùc
Peeling
Hieän töôïng Appearance
Caùc maøng sôn bò loät
haún ra khoûi beà maët
kim loaïi.
Evident as peeling or easy removal of
the finish.

June 2001
60
Sôn bò loät Peeling
Nguyeân nhaân Cause
Laøm saïch beà maët khoâng kyõ hoaëc giai ñoaïn chuaån bò chöa ñaït
Improper substrate cleaning or preparation.
Nhieãm baån ( trong oáng hôi hoaëc beà maët sôn nguyeân thuûy….)
Contamination (air lines or from the original finish etc.)
Choïn sai loaïi sôn loùt cho caùc beà maët ñaëc bieät nhö: nhoâm, kim loaïi traùng keõm hoaëc nhöïa
Wrong choice of undercoat for particular substrate e.g. aluminium, zinc coated metals or plastics.
Caùc lôùp sôn khoâng töông thích Incompatible layers of paint.

Ngaên ngöøa vaø caùch khaéc phuïc Prevention and Cure

Lau saïch beà maët vôùi dung moâi lau ñeå laáy ñi caùc veát saùp, daàu môõ, chaát ñaùnh boùng vaø caùc chaát
khaùc, lau tröôùc khi chaø nhaùm vaø laäp laïi tröôùc moãi khi sôn . Chaø nhaùm kyõ ñeå taïo ñeå taïo ñoä
baùm dính toát .
Clean all surfaces to be painted to remove wax, grease, polish and other foreign materials, before any sanding and again before any spraying. Sand thoroughly to
provide sufficient 'key'. Use metal conditioners where specified.
Chæ duøng ñuùng loaïi sôn loùt ñeà nghò ñoái vôùi töøng beà maët ñaëc bieät vaø lôùp maøu phuû .
Use only undercoats recommended for the particular substrate and top coat finish being used.
Chæ söû duïng loaïi chaát lau röûa vaø sôn loùt ñeà nghò cho beà maët nhöïa
Use only recommended cleaners and primers for plastic substrates.

Neáu choã bò loät sôn vôi dieän tích lôùn phaûi sôn taùi hoaøn thieän laïi ngay töø ñaàu.
If peeling has taken place remove the finish for an area considerably larger than the affected area to a sound base and refinish.

June 2001
61
 Moït
Pinholing

Hieän Töôïng Appearance

Beà maët sôn coù caùc loå
moït nhoû li ti.
Characterised by the appearance of
minute holes on the surface of the
film.

June 2001
62
Moït Pinholing (töông töï nhö Also known as Pitting. )
Nguyeân Nhaân Cause
Lôùp sôn ñeå ngoaøi khoâng khí quaù laâu tröôùc khi ñöa vaøo saáy
Material air flashed too long prior to baking.
Pha dung moâi khoâng ñuùng ( sai caáp ñoä hoaëc soá löôïng pha vaøo )
Wrong reduction of thinner (amount or grade).
Chuaån bò vaø laøm saïch beà maët khoâng ñaït
Improper substrate cleaning and preparation.
OÁng hôi bò aåm Moisture in spray lines.
Sôn eùp caùc lôùp quaù öôùt laøm ñoïng dung moâi
'Piling-on' in heavy wet coats, trapping in solvents.
Nhieät ñoä xöôûng sôn quaù noùng hoaëc quaù laïnh
Poor shop temperature (too hot or cold).
Do coù saún caùc loã cuûa lôùp sôn hoaøn thieän cuõ hoaëc giai ñoaïn söûa chöõa maø
khoâng thaáy ñöôïc
Effect of old finish or previous repair, existing pinholes unnoticed .
Do duøng quaït gioù laøm khoâ lôùp sôn
Improper dry caused by fanning with air.
Do phun sôn khoâng tôi hoaëc ngaét khoaûng sôn .
Insufficient atomization or breaking up of materials.

June 2001
63
Moït Pinholing
(töông töï nhö Also known as Pitting.)
Ngaên Ngöøa Vaø Caùch Khaéc Phuïc Prevention and Cure
Saáy sôn theo trình töï ñeà nghi Follow any baking schedule closely
Choïn ñuùng loaïi dung moâi vaø gia giaûm theo ñeà nghò
Choose correct thinner and reduce as recommended.
Lau saïch beà maët ñöôïc sôn vôùi dung moâi lau ñeå laáy ñi caùc veát saùp, daáu môõ, chaát ñaùnh
boùng vaù caùc chaát khaùc, tröôùc vaø sau moãi laàn ñaùnh boùng
Clean all surfaces to be painted to remove wax/grease/polish and other foreign materials, before and after initial sanding.
Xaõ nöôùc ôû boä giöõ nöôùc cuûa maùy neùn khí haèng ngaøy
The drain valve of the air compressor should be opened daily to allow drainage of collected materials.
Khoâng sôn quaù daày, sôn töøng lôùp trung bình ñeå dung moâi hoùa hôi heát .
Do not apply materials too heavily, apply in medium coats to allow proper evaporation of solvents.
Khoâng duøng quaït gioù thoåi khoâ maët seõ laøm ñoïng dung moâi trong lôùp sôn
Do not fan surface with air as this causes skinning of the surface and traps solvents in the film.
Ñaûm baûo sôn ñöôïc phun tôi baèng vieäc duøng ñuùng suùng vaø aùp suaát phun
Ensure material is atomized sufficiently by correct gun and pressure adjustments .
Neáu xaõy ra loãi naøy, chaø nhaùm xuoáng beà maët phaúng vaø sôn laïi.
If pinholing has occurred, sand down to a sound surface and refinish.

June 2001
64
 Choã treùt Matic bò moït
Pitting or
Popping of Plastic Fillers

Hieän töôïng Appearance

Xuaát hieän caùc loã nhoû
ôû nhöõng coù treùt Matic
ñieàn ñaày treân neàn nhöïa
Holes in the paint finish over plastic
filler loaded areas.

June 2001
65
Choå treùt Matic bò moït Pitting or Popping of Plastic Fillers
(töông töï nhö Also known as Pinholing. )
Nguyeân nhaân Cause
Treùt lôùp Matic ñieàn ñaày neàn nhöïa quaù daøy . Applying plastic filler in excessive builds.
Matic ñieàn ñaày neàn nhöïa troän khoâng kyõ vôùi chaát ñoùng cöùng .Plastic filler insufficiently mixed with hardener.
Matic ñieàn ñaày neàn nhöïa khoâng ñöïôc troän kyõ, coù laãn khoâng khí . Plastic filler improperly mixed, trapping air.
Treùt eùp quaù möùc Matic ñieàn ñaày neàn nhöïa trong suoát quaù trình treùt . Plastic loading worked excessively during
application.

Ngaên ngöøa vaø caùch khaéc phuïc Prevention and Cure

Troän kyõ Matic ñieàn ñaày neàn nhöïa vaø chæ treùt caùc lôùp trung bình Mix thoroughly and evenly and apply plastic
filler in medium layers only.

Duøng chaát ñoùng raén ñöôïc chæ ñònh bôûi nhaø saûn xuaát Use hardener as specified by the manufacturer.

Ñaûm baûo raèng vieäc treùt matic treân neàn nhöïa khoâng treùt eùp quaù möùc trong suoát quaù trình treùt
Ensure that plastic loading is not worked excessively during application.

Neáu xaõy ra loãi naøy, chaø nhaùm haï xuoáng ñeán lôùp matic khoâng bò loãi hoaëc xuoáng tôùi lôùp sôn
töông öùng vaø hoaøn thieän laïi
If pitting or popping has occurred, sand down, skim with polyester stopper or appropriate material and refinish.

June 2001
66
 Ñoä phuû
keùm
Poor
HieänHiding
töôïng Appearance
Beà maët sôn hoaøn thieän
khoâng taïo ñöôïc ñoä phuû
maøu mong muoán hoaëc
maøu bò aån xuoáng beà maët
beân döôùi.
The inability of a pigmented or coloured
finish to completely hide the colour of the
substrate.

June 2001
67
Ñoâ phuû keùm Poor Hiding
(töông töï nhö Also known as Poor Coverage, Poor Opacity and 'Grin through')
Nguyeân nhaân Cause
Caùc haït maøu bò laéng ôû beân döôùi( thöôøng do pha loaõng vaø khoâng khuaáy) seõ laøm cho hoãn hôïp
sôn coù nhieàu nhöïa vaø caùc haït maøu laéng ôû ñaùy lon .
Settling of pigmented finishes, usually after thinning, and not stirred, will cause too much resin being applied with the pigment left in the bottom of
the container.
Phun sôn sai kyõ thuaät phun. Vd : khoâng sôn choàng lôùp 50% seõ laøm cho beà maët sôn thaønh töøng daûi
vaø ñoä che phuû keùm .
Faulty spraying technique i.e. not over-lapping by 50% each succeeding stroke, will result in banding and poor overall coverage.
Pha quaù loaõng laøm cho lôùp sôn hình thaønh sau khi phun raát moûng.
Over-thinning of lacquers or enamels may result in too thin a film being applied.
Ngaên ngöøa vaø caùch khaéc phuïc Prevention and Cure
Khuaáy kó caùc lon son ñeå coù ñöôïc hoãn hôïp ñoàng nhaát
Stir all materials thoroughly to obtain a uniform mixture.
Phun sôn ñuùng kyõ thuaät : choàng lôùp 50%, giöõ suùng vuoâng goùc vôùi beà maët caàn sôn trong suoát
thôøi gian sôn .
Use correct spraying technique i.e. overlapping each stroke by 50% over preceding coat, and holding the gun at right angles to the job at all times .
Pha dung moâi theo ñuùng tæ leä ñeà nghò ôû moãi laàn pha.
Follow recommended thinning ratio at all times.
Neáu lôùp sôn che phuû keùm, khaéc phuïc baèng caùch sôn laïi vôùi hoãn hôïp sôn pha ñuùng tæ leä dung
moâi vaø phun sôn ñuùng kyõ thuaät.
If poor hiding has taken place, refinish again using correct thinning ratio and spraying techniques and apply sufficient paint.

June 2001
68
 Sôn chaûy
Runs or Sags

Hieän Töôïng Appearance

Khi phun sôn quaù daøy,
maët sôn bò chaûy xeä.
Apparent as a running, sagging finish,
resulting from too much material in the u3

June 2001
69
Sôn chaûy Runs and Sags
(töông töï nhö Also known as Curtaining.)
Nguyeân Nhaân Cause

Pha quaù nhieàu dung moâi. Too much thinner.

Sôn lôùp quaù daøy. Too heavy coats.
Baén quaù eùp caùc lôùp öôùt. Too wet coats.
Thôøi gian chôø giöõa caùc lôùp ít. Short flash-time between coats.
Nhieät ñoä xöôûng sôn thaáp. Cold shop temperatures.
Chænh vaø caàm suùng sai kyõ thuaät. Wrong gun techniques.

June 2001
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Sôn Bò Chaûy Runs and Sags
(töông töï nhö Also known as Curtaining.)
Phoøng Ngöøa vaø Caùch Khaéc Phuïc Prevention and Cure
Giaûm löôïng sôn theo nhaõn chæ daãn Reduce material according to label directions.
Chæ phun caùc lôùp trung bình Apply medium coats only
Xoay oác chænh löôïng sôn ôû suùng ñeå giaûm löu löôïng sôn Regulate fluid
adjustment on spray gun to cut down flow of material.
Taêng thôøi gian chôø giöõa caùc lôùp. Increase flash-time between coats.
Ñieàu kieän nhieät ñoä chaáp nhaän ñöôïc trong suoát quaù trình phun. Allow for
temperature conditions during application.
Khoâng ñaët suùng quaù gaàn. Di chuyeån cuøng moät toác ñoä vaø giöõ suùng
vuoâng goùc vôùi beà maët caàn sôn taïi moïi thôøi ñieåm Don't hold gun too close. Move
at a uniform speed at right angles to the surface.

Neáu sôn bò chaûy, chaø nhaùm xuoáng beà maët phaúng vaø sôn laïi. Trong
moät soá tröôøng hôïp, coù theå duøng thoåi ñaù maøi chaø nhaùm öôùt vôùi giaáy
nhaùm cöïc mòn sau ñoù ñaùnh paùt vaø ñaùnh boùng laïi . If runs or sags have already
occurred, sand down to smooth surface and refinish. In some cases, it may be possible to carefully block wet
sand out the run with Microfine paper then compound and polish.

June 2001
71
 Gó seùt döôùi maøng
sôn Rust Under Film
Hieän töôïng Appearance
Thöôøng xuaát hieän caùc veát gó mòn
ghim hoaëc veát doäp boïng beân döôùi
lôùp sôn. Khi veät sôn bò bong ra thì gó
seùt thöôøng xeù ra khu vöïc roäng hôn
luùc ñaàu. Truôøng hôïp naøy goïi laø loã
hoác cuûa veät gó.
Usually appears as fine rust pin points or bubbles in
the paint film. When paint is scraped away, rust has
usually spread over a larger area than was first
apparent. This condition is known as 'rust creep'.

June 2001
72
Veát Gó Beân Döôùi Lôùp Sôn Rust under Film
Nguyeân Nhaân Cause
Veát gó saün coù, hôi aåm hoaëc moà hoâi tay ñeå laïi treân beà maët tröôùc khi
sôn. Presence of rust, moisture or perspiration from hands on the surface before painting.

Ngaên Ngöøa Vaø Caùch Khaéc Phuïc: Prevention and Cure

Suõi boû lôùp nhöõng choã bò gó vaø chaø nhaùm caùc ñoám gó.
Strip paint from the rusted area, and sand all rust spots bright.
Röûa saïch vôùi chaát röõa beà maët kim loaïi : axit photphoric. Traùnh tieáp xuùc
vôùi tay traàn, ñôïi cho ñeán khi khoâ hoaøn toaøn. Clean thoroughly with a phosphoric acid
metal cleaner. Avoid contact with bare hands after final drying off.
Luoân luoân sôn loùt beà maët ngay sau khi lau saïch neáu khoâng seõ bò gó seùt
neáu ñeå kim loaïi traàn ngoaøi khoâng khí trong khoaûng thôøi gian daøi.
Always prime the surface immediately after cleaning, as rust will set in if bare metal is exposed too long.

June 2001
73
 Soïc nhaùm traàn
Scratch Opening

Hieän töôïng Appearance

Caùc veát soïc vaø ñöôøng
thaúng do chaø nhaùm ñeå
laïi loä leân lôùp maøu.
Evident as sand scratches and lines showing
through the topcoats.

June 2001
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Caùc Veát Söôùt Treân Beà Maët Sôn Hoaøn Thieän Scratch Opening
Nguyeân Nhaân Cause
Chaø nhaùm vôùi giaáy nhaùm quaù thoâ trong suoát quaù trình chuaån bò beà
maët. Using too coarse a paper in sanding operations, during preparation.
Duøng sai caáp ñoä dung moâi. Wrong grade of thinner, too rich in solvents.
Do loãi cuûa lôùp sôn hoaøn thieän cuõ hoaëc quaù trình söûa chöõa tröôùc ñoù
Effect of old finish or previous repair.

Ngaên Ngöøa Vaø Caùch Khaéc Phuïc Prevention and Cure

Duøng giaáy nhaùm mòn hôn trong suoát quaù trình chaø nhaùm Use finer grade
papers in all sanding operations.
Choïn ñuùng caáp ñoä dung moâi Choose correct grade of thinner.
Choïn loaïi sôn loùt vaø sôn phuû phuø hôïp caùc loaïi beà maët cuõ .

Neáu beà maët sôn xaõy ra loãi naøy, chaø nhaùm xuoáng taïo beà maët phaúng
vôùi giaáy nhaùm mòn vaø sôn hoaøn thieän laïi, duøng ñuùng caáp ñoä cuøa dung
moâi . Choose correct undercoat and topcoats to suit old substrates. If swelling has already occurred, sand
June 2001
to a smooth finish with fine paper and refinish, using correct grade of thinner. 75
 Lôùp sôn bò ruùt vaø
raïn nöùt. Shrinkage and
Splitting

Hieän töôïng Appearance

Xuaát hieän söï co ruùt vaø
caùc veät gaãy treân khu
vöïc sôn loùt ñieàn ñaày.
Cracks in filled areas.

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Sôn Bò Ruùt Vaø Gaãy Shrinkage and Splitting
Treân beà maët Matic vaø sôn loùt ñieàn ñaày (of fillers and primer surfacers)
Nguyeân nhaân Cause
Do treùt Matic hoaëc sôn loùt quaù daøy maø khoâng chôø ñuû thôøi gian chôø giöõa caùc
lôùp. Lôùp vaät lieäu treân beà maët thì raùo coù theå sôø ñöôïc nhöng lôùp vaät lieäu beân
döôùi vaãn coøn meàm vì theá seõ gaây neân söï co ruùt vaø gaãy. Applying fillers or primer surfaces
too heavily without sufficient drying time between each coat. Material will be dry to touch on the surface but will
remain soft underneath with resultant shrinkage and splitting.
Giai ñoaïn chuaån bò beà maët khoâng ñaït - xung quanh khu vöïc haï mí Insufficient surface
preparation around feather-edge areas.
Duøng dung moâi keùm chaát löôïng hoaëc khoâng phaøi loaïi chæ ñònh cho lôùp sôn beân
döôùi. Unspecified or inferior thinner used in undercoats.
Ngaên Ngöøa vaø Caùch Khaéc Phuïc Prevention and Cure
Treùt Matic vôùi caùc lôùp moûng , chôø ñuû thôøi gian khoâ giöõa caùc lôùp tuyø thuoäc vaøo
ñieàu kieän thôøi tieát. Apply filler in light coats only with adequate drying times between coats, dependent
on weather conditions.
Haï mí thaät kó lôùp sôn cuõ tröôùc khi sôn loùt taïo beà maët lieàn mí , duøng nhaùm P600 sau
cuøng ñeå traùnh caùc raõnh saâu do chaø nhaùm ñeå laïi maø caùc raõnh naøy seõ laøm ñoïng
dung moâi gaây loãi leân lôùp sôn Feather-edge old finish well beyond the edge of the primer surfacer,
finishing with P600 grade paper to avoid deep grooves from sand scratching, which allows the solvent to attack
the under film.
Neáu beà maët bò ruùt vaø gaãy, chaø nhaùm hoaøn toaøn khu vöïc bò gaãy, sau ñoù treùt laïi
Matic , sôn loùt vaø sôn hoaøn thieän If splitting and shrinkage has already occurred, sand out completely
cracked filler area, re-apply filler, undercoat and refinish.
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 Lôùp sôn bò sôøn nhö tô
Silking
Hieän töôïng Appearance
Xaõy ra ôû maøu Metallic khi taát
caû caùc caùnh baïc chæ xeáp theo
moät höôùng. Xaõy ra ôû beà maët
thaúng ñöùng nôi maø trong löôïng
cuûa caùnh baïc naèm qua lôùp
sôn phuû.
Evident in metallics when all the aluminium
particles tend to run the one way. Encountered
mostly on vertical surfaces where the weight of the
aluminium “drops” through the applied coat.

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Lôùp Sôn Bò Sôøn Nhö Tô Silking
Nguyeân Nhaân Cause
Sôn lôùp sôn Metallic quaù daøy, haàu heát ñeàu daãn ñeán hieän töôïng chaûy
Applying metallics too heavily almost to the run and sag stage.
Pha loaõng khoâng ñuùng tæ leä Wrong thinning reduction.
Chænh suùng vaø Kyõ thuaät phun sôn sai Wrong gun adjustment and technique.
Khoâng ñuû thôøi gian chôø giöõa caùc lôùp Insufficient flash time between coats.

Ngaên Ngöøa vaø Caùch Khaéc Phuïc Prevention and Cure

Khoâng baén caùc lôùp quaù öôùt Do not apply in heavy wet coats.
Pha loaõng theo tæ leä ñeà nghò Use recommended thinning ratios.
Phun sôn ñuùng kyõ thuaät . Vd: Giöõ suùng vuoâng goùc vôùi beà maët caàn sôn,
khoaûng caùch 15-20 cm vaø toác ñoä di chuyeån suùng khoâng ñoåi treân toaøn
boä beà maët caàn sôn Use good spray techniques i.e. gun held at right angles 15-20 cm from the job
with a constant gun speed over complete area.
Chôø ñuû thôøi gian chôø giöõa caùc lôùp. Allow recommended flash times between coats.

Neáu xaõy ra loãi sôn naøy, chaø nhaùm vôùi giaáy nhaùm mòn vaø sôn hoaøn
thieän laïi. If silking has already occurred, sand with fine paper and refinish.

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 Ñoám nöôùc
Water Spotting

Hieän töôïng Appearance

Xuaát hieän caùc ñoám treân
lôùp sôn. Caùc ñoám nuôùc
thöôøng xuaát hieän nhö hieäu
öùng loang ngay luùc bò nöôùc
dính vaøo.
A spotty appearance on a paint film. The water
spots usually appear as a puddle effect, at times
etched into the painted surface.

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Ñoám nöôùc Water Spotting
Nguyeân nhaân Cause
Do nöôùc tieáp xuùc vaø hoùa hôi treân beà maët sôn môùi sôn ( ñaëc bieät la nöôùc coù
chöùa khoaùng chaát) Allowing water to contact and evaporate on a freshly painted surface (especially water
with a high mineral content).
Ñoä daøy maøng sôn quaù daøy ( maøng sôn chöa khoâ hoaøn toaøn) Excessive film thickness
(incomplete through-dry)
Ñaùnh boùng quaù sôùm vaø chaát ñaùnh boùng coù chöùa silicon treân beà maët sôn
môùi sôn. Too early use of silicone polishes on fresh painted work.
Ngaên ngöøa vaø caùch khaéc phuïc Prevention and Cure
Khoâng ñeå cho nöôùc tieáp xuùc vaø sau ñoù hoaù hôi khoûi beà maët sôn môùi. VD :
Khoâng ñeå traàn beà maët sôn môùi sôn ra ngoaøi moâi tröôøng aåm öôùt Don't allow
water to collect on and then evaporate from, freshly painted surfaces i.e. don't expose new paintwork to wet outside
conditions.
Khoâng sôn lôùp sôn quaù daøy Do not overload with excessive film builds.
Khoâng ñaùnh boùng beà maët lôùp sôn môùi sôn vôùi chaát ñaùnh boùng chöùa
Silicone Do not polish freshly painted surfaces with silicone polishes.

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Neáu nghi ngôø caùc loãi naëng hôn do saùp cuûa chaát ñaùnh boùng , lau thaät
saïch saùp cuõ vôùi gieû lau vaø coàn traéng. Ñaùnh boùng laïi, ñaàu tieân duøng
chaát ñaùnh boùng loûng sau ñoù duøng chaát ñaùnh boùng thoâ hôn hoaëc paùt
phaù tuyø thuoâc vaøo chieàu saâu cuûa caùc ñoám If repeated heavy applications of wax
polish are suspected, thoroughly clean off the old wax, using plenty of rag and white spirit. Polish, using a
liquid polish initially and following with coarser polishing or rubbing compounds, depending on the depth of
the mark of spot.

Neáu quaù trình ñaùnh boùng laïi khoâng hieäu quaû, thì phaûi chaø nhaùm öôùt
khu vöïc bò loãi vaø sôn laïi If repeated polishings are not effective, wet flat the affected area and
respray.

Löu yù : NOTE:
Trong moät vaøi tröôøng hôïp , caùc daáu hoaëc ñoám coù theå xuaát hieän laïi sau
khi ñaùnh boùng moät vaøi ngaøy. Laäp laïi quaù trình lau saïch vaø ñaùnh boùng
moät hoaëc hôn hai laàn ñeå söûa hoaøn toaøn loãi. In severe cases, the marks or spots may
reappear some days after the polishing. Repeating the cleaning and polishing operation once or twice more
should finally rectify the defect.

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 Ñoám chaát saùp
döôùi maøng sôn
Wet Spots/
Wax Under Film
Hieän töôïng Appearance
Caùc ñoám toái hay saàn
xuaát hieän döôùi lôùp
sôn hoaøn thieän
Soft or tacky and dull spots in finish.

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Ñoám chaát saùp döôùi maøng sôn Wet Spots/Wax under Film
(töông töï nhö Also known as Poor Drying.)

Nguyeân nhaân Cause

Caùc veát saùp, daáu, môõ coøn laïi treân beà maët do khoâng laøm saïch beà maët kyõ. Oil,
grease or wax on the surface due to improper cleaning.
Lôùp sôn quaù daøy Excessively thick films.
Do loãi cuûa lôùp sôn hoaøn thieän cuõ hoaëc quaù trình söûa chöõa tröôùc ñoù Effect of old
finish or previous repair.

Ngaên ngöøa vaø caùch khaéc phuïc: Prevention and Cure

Lau saïch beà maët baèng dung moâi lau khu vöïs seõ sôn ñeå laøm saïch ñeå laáy ñi caùc
veát daàu môõ, saùp, haéc ín vaø chaát ñaùnh boùng tröôùc vaø sau khi chaø nhaùm Clean all
surfaces to be painted to remove oil grease, wax, tar and polish before and after sanding.
Sôn caùc lôùp ñoàng nhaát vaø baèng nhau, khoâng sôn caùc lôùp quaù daøy Apply even and
uniform coats of finish, avoiding thick heavy coats.
Chaéc chaén raèng lôùp sôn loùt vaø sôn phuû phaûi töông thích vôùi beà maët beân döôùi.
Ensure undercoats and topcoats are compatible with substrate underneath.

Neáu caùc ñoám ñaõ xuaát hieän phaûi chaø nhaùm vaø sôn hoaøn thieän laïi.
If wet spots are already apparent, remove finish from affected area and refinish.

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 Lôùp sôn bò nhaên
Wrinkling

Hieän töôïng Appearance

Xuaát hieän caùc veát
nhaên trong suoát quaù
trình khoâ cuûa sôn
thöôøng xaõy ra ñoái
vôùi Alkyd Enamel.
The development of wrinkles in a film
during drying, usually in Alkyd
Enamels.

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Lôùp Sôn Bò Nhaên Wrinkling
( töông töï Also known as Shrivel.)
Nguyeân nhaân Cause
Laøm khoâ beà maët quaù nhanh coù theå laøm cho enamel bò nhaên . Ñieàu naøy laøm chaäm
quaù trình quaù trình khoâ cuûa enamel beân döôùi beà maët. Khi maø sôn beân döôùi khoâ laïi
thì noù coù khuynh höôùng laøm co ruùt vaø nhaên lôùp sôn beân treân.
Too rapid surface drying can cause enamel to wrinkle. This condition retards the drying of the enamel below the surface.
As the under surface material dries out, it tends to shrink and wrinkle the material on top.
Sôn quaù eùp caùc lôùp öôùt 'Piling-on' in heavy wet coats.
Ñieàu kieän xöôûng sôn khoâng ñaït ( quaù laïnh) Poor shop conditions, too cold.
Ngaên ngöøa vaø caùch khaéc phuïc Prevention and Cure
Ñeå lôùp sôn Enamel khoâ trong khu vöïc thoâng khí toát Leave enamel to dry in well ventilated drying
area.
Traùnh vieäc sôn caùc lôùp quaù daøy Avoid excessively heavy coats.
Taêng nhieät ñoä cuûa xöôûng sôn vaø caùc panel tröôùc khi sôn Endeavour to heat shop and panels
prior to spraying.
Neàu lôùp sôn bò nhaên coù theå khaéc phuïc baèng moät trong hai caùch sau If wrinkling has
occurred either:
(a) Ñeå lôùp sôn naøy moät vaøi tuaàn sau ñoù chaø nhaùm xuoáng vaø sôn hoaøn thieän laïi
Allow enamel to age for several weeks, sand down and refinish,
hoaëc OR
(b) Suõi boû khu vöïc sôn bò loãi vaø sôn hoaøn thieän theo toaøn boä caùc böôùc cuûa heä
thoáng sôn taùi hoaøn thieän. Strip wrinkled areas and refinish with complete system.
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