MICROPROCESSORS AND

MICROCONTROLLERS

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 UNIT - I

MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE
AND
INSTRUCTION SET

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 8085 Block Diagram

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 8086 Microprocessor

• It operates 4.77-10 MHz frequency range

• It is a 16-bit Microprocessor
• 20-bit Address bus can access 1MB of memory
• It supports 64K I/O ports (Devices)
• It has 14 Registers of 16-bit each
• It has multiplexed address and data bus
• It has 6 byte queue
• It requires +5V power supply
• It is a 40 pin dual in line package IC
• It operates in two modes: Minimum and Maximum modes

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 Register Organization of 8086

• Four General purpose registers

• Four Index/Pointer registers
• Four Segment registers
• Two Other registers

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General purpose registers

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Index/Pointer registers

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 Segment registers

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 Other registers

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 Flags Register

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8086 Block Diagram

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 Memory Segmentation

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 Bus Operation

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 Addressing Modes of 8086
• Immediate Addressing Mode
• Example: MOV AX, 0005H
• Direct Addressing Mode
• Example: MOV AX, [5000H]
• Register Addressing Mode
• Example: MOV BX, AX
• Register Indirect Addressing Mode
• Example: MOV AX, [BX]

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 Addressing Modes of 8086
• Indexed Addressing Mode
• Example: MOV AX, [SI]
• Register Relative Addressing Mode
• Example: MOV AX, 50H [BX]
• Base Indexed Addressing Mode
• Example: MOV AX, [BX][SI]
• Relative Base Indexed Addressing Mode
• Example: MOV AX, 50H [BX] [SI]

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 Addressing Modes for control transfer instructions

• Intersegment direct
• Example: JMP 5000H:2000H
• Intersegment indirect
• Example: JMP [2000H]
• Intrasegment direct
• Example: JMP SHORT LABEL
• Intrasegment indirect
• Example: JMP [BX]; Jump to effective address stored in BX

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 Instruction Set of 8086
• Data transfer Instructions
• Arithmetic& Logical Instructions
• Program control transfer Instructions
• Machine Control Instructions
• Shift / Rotate Instructions
• Flag Manipulation Instructions
• String Instructions

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 Data transfer Instructions
• MOV BX, 00F2H
• PUSH CX
• POP CX
• XCHG BX, CX
• IN AL, 0F8H
• OUT DX, AL
• XLAT
• LEA
• LDS/LES
• LAHF
• SAHF
• PUSHF
• POPF
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 Arithmetic& Logical Instructions
• ADD AX, BX
• ADC BX, CX
• INC DX
• SUB BX, AX
• SBB AX, CX
• DEC CX
• CMP BX, CX
• AAA
• AAS
• AAM
• DAA
• DAS
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 Arithmetic& Logical Instructions
• NEG AX
• MUL BX
• IMUL BL -Signed Multiplication
• CBW
• CWD
• DIV BX
• IDIV CX
• AND AX, BX
• OR BX, DX
• XOR BX, AX
• NOT AX
• TEST AX, BX
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 Program control transfer Instructions

• JZ / JE LABEL/ADDRESS
• JNZ / JNE
• JS
• JNS
• JO
• JNO
• JP / JPE
• JNP
• JB / JNAE / JC
• JNB / JAE / JNC
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 Program control transfer Instructions
• JBE / JNA
• JNBE / JA
• JL / JNGE
• JNL / JGE
• JLE
• JNLE / JG
• CALL ADDRESS
• RET
• IRET
• INTO
• INT N - N can be between 0 and 255

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 Machine Control Instructions
• WAIT
• HLT
• NOP
• ESC
• LOCK

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 Shift / Rotate Instructions
• SHL/SAL AX
• SHR BX, CL
• SAR AX, 01
• ROR AX
• ROL AX
• RCR AX
• RCL AX

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 Flag Manipulation Instructions
• CLC
• CMC
• STC
• CLD
• STD
• CLI
• STI

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 String Instructions
• REP EX: REP ADD AX, BX
• REPE / REPZ EX: REPE CMPSW
• REPNE / REPNZ
• MOVS / MOVSB / MOVSW
• CMPS / CMPSB / CMPSW
• SCAS / SCASB / SCASW EX: REPNZ SCASW
• LODS / LODSB / LODSW
• STOS / STOSB / STOSW
• LOOP
• LOOPE / LOOPZ
• LOOPNE / LOOPNZ

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 Assembler Directives

• There are some instructions in the assembly language program

which are not part of processor instruction set.
• These are the instructions to assembler, linker and loader.
• These are referred to as pseudo-operations or as assembler
directives.
• There are many specialized assembler directives. Let us see
some commonly used assembler directive in 8086 assembly
language programming .

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 Assembler Directives
ORG 5000
ASSUME CS: CODE, DS: DATA
DATA SEGMENT
---
DATA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
START: ---
---
CODE ENDS
END START
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 Assembler Directives
• 1. ASSUME: It is used to tell the name of the logical segment.
• EX: ASSUME CS: CODE
• 2. DB -Define Byte: The DB directive is used to reserve byte or bytes of
memory locations in the available memory.
• EX: RANKS DB 01H,02H,03H,04H
• 3. DW -Define Word: 1 word (16-bit numbers)
• 4. DD -Define Double word: 2 words
• 5. DQ -Define Quad word: 4 words
• 6. DT -Define Ten Bytes: 10 bytes
• 7. END-End of Program: The END directive marks the end of an
assembly language program.
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 Assembler Directives
• 8. ENDP-End of Procedure:
• 9. ENDS-End of Segment:
• 10. EQU-Equate:
• 11. EVEN:
• 12. EXTRN:
• 13. GLOBAL
• 14. GROUP
• 15. INCLUDE
• 16. LABEL
• 17. NAME
• 18. OFFSET
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 Assembler Directives
• 19. ORG
• 20. PROC SMART_DIVIDE PROC FAR
• 21. PTR INC BYTE PTR[BX]
• 22. PUBLIC
• 23. SEGMENT
• 24. SHORT
• 25. TYPE

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 TUTORIAL

• Draw the Flags Register of 8086 and explain each flag with example.

• Develop an ALP to find the largest number.

• Develop an ALP to find the factorial of 6.

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 TUTORIAL

• Write an ALP to calculate the sum of squares of 5 natural numbers.

• Develop an ALP to find the number of Even and Odd numbers from
a given series.

• Develop an ALP to find the number of Positive and Negative

numbers from a given series.

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End

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