Telecommunication Switching and

Network(140613/200613)

Dr. Hemant Choubey

 Syllabus

• Unit 1 Introduction: Evolution of Telecommunications, Simple

Telephone Communication, Manual switching system, Strowger
Switching System, Crossbar Switching System, major
telecommunication Networks (PSTN, ISDN, WLAN, Ad Hoc Network).
• Unit 2 Switching: Circuit Switching, Store and Forward Switching,
Electronic Space Division Switching, Stored Program Control,
Centralized SPC, Distributed SPC, Enhanced Services, Two stage
networks, three stage network n-stage networks. Time multiplexed
Space Switching, Time Multiplexed time switching, combination
Switching, Three stage combination switching, n-stage combination
switching.
 Syllabus
• Unit 3 Traffic Engineering: Network Traffic load and parameters, Grade of
service and blocking probability, Modeling Switching Systems, Incoming
Traffic and Service Time Characterization, Blocking Models and Loss
Estimates, Delay systems .

• Unit 4 Telephone Networks: Subscriber Loop Systems, Switching Hierarchy

and Routing, Transmission Plan, Transmission Systems, Numbering Plan,
Charging Plan, Signalling Techniques, In channel signaling, common channel
signalling, Cellular mobile telephony.

• Unit 5 Data networks: Data transmission in PSTNs, Modems, ISO-OSI/TCP-IP

Reference Model,Satellite based data networks, Data network standards
(ISDN, DSL / ADSL, Token Ring, Token BUS , Bluetooth , WLAN, ZigBee,
SONET / SDH).
 Text book and Reference
• Text Book :
1. ThiagarajanVishwanathan, “Telecommunication
Switching Systems and Networks”; PHI Publications.

• Reference Books:
1. J. E. Flood, “Telecommunications Switching, Traffic
and Networks”, Pearson Education.
2. John C. Bellamy, “Digital Telephony”, Third Edition;
Wiley Publications
 Unit5: Data Network
• Modems
• A modem or broadband modem is a
hardware device that connects
a computer or router to a broadband network.
For example, a cable modem and DSL
modem are two examples of these types of
Modems.
 Unit5: Data Network
• Modems
• a modem is a hardware device that allows a
computer to send and receive information
over telephone lines. When sending a signal,
the device converts ("modulates") digital data
to an analog audio signal, and transmits it over
a telephone line. Similarly, when an analog
signal is received, the modem converts it back
("demodulates" it) to a digital signal.
 Unit5: Data Network
• What are the speeds of modems?
• Modem speed is measured in bps and Kbps,
which is the speed the modem can send and
receive data. Today, a 56 K (56,000 bps)
modem is the fastest solution and speed used
with today's dial-up modem.
 Unit5: Data Network
• Modem features and standards
• A modem may also include some or all of the features and
specifications listed below.
• Auto-answer - A modem's ability to automatically answer the phone
after the phone rings a set amount of time.
• Data/Voice - Modems with voice capability that switch between a
voice and data communication.
• Fax - Fax modems can send and receive a fax with the proper software.
• V.90 - The standard that the modem uses also allows it to
communicate at an optimal speed. When first introduced, there were
multiple standards, but nearly all 56 K modems use the V.90 standard.
 Unit5: Data Network
• The OSI Model
• There are n numbers of users who use computer
network and are located over the world. So to ensure,
national and worldwide data communication, systems
must be developed which are compatible to
communicate with each other ISO has developed a
standard. ISO stands for International organization of
Standardization. This is called a model for Open
System Interconnection (OSI) and is commonly
known as OSI model.
 Unit5: Data Network
• The OSI Model
 Unit5: Data Network
• The OSI Model
 Unit5: Data Network
• The OSI Model
OSI Model Layer 1: The Physical Layer
1. Physical Layer is the lowest layer of the OSI Model.
2. It activates, maintains and deactivates the physical connection.
3. It is responsible for transmission and reception of the unstructured raw data over
network.
4. Voltages and data rates needed for transmission is defined in the physical layer.
5. It converts the digital/analog bits into electrical signal or optical signals.
6. Data encoding is also done in this layer.
 Unit5: Data Network
• The OSI Model
2.Data link layer
1. It synchronizes the information which is to be transmitted over the physical layer.
2. The main function of this layer is to make sure data transfer is error free from
one node to another, over the physical layer.
3. Transmitting and receiving data frames sequentially is managed by this layer.
4. This layer sends and expects acknowledgements for frames received and sent
respectively. Resending of non-acknowledgement received frames is also
handled by this layer.
5. This layer establishes a logical layer between two nodes and also manages the
Frame traffic control over the network. It signals the transmitting node to stop,
when the frame buffers are full.
 Unit5: Data Network
• The OSI Model
3.Network Layer
1. Network Layer routes the signal through different channels from one node to
other.
2. It acts as a network controller. It manages the Subnet traffic.
3. It decides by which route data should take.
4. It divides the outgoing messages into packets and assembles the incoming
packets into messages for higher levels.
 Unit5: Data Network
• The OSI Model
4.Transport Layer
1. It decides if data transmission should be on parallel path or single path.
2. Functions such as Multiplexing, Segmenting or Splitting on the data are done by
this layer
3. It receives messages from the Session layer above it, convert the message into
smaller units and passes it on to the Network layer.
4. Transport layer can be very complex, depending upon the network requirements.
5. Transport layer breaks the message (data) into small units so that they are
handled more efficiently by the network layer.
 Unit5: Data Network
• The OSI Model
5.Session Layer
1. Session Layer manages and synchronize the conversation between two different
applications.
2. Transfer of data from source to destination session layer streams of data are
marked and are resynchronized properly, so that the ends of the messages are
not cut prematurely and data loss is avoided.
 Unit5: Data Network
• The OSI Model
6.Presentation Layer
1. Presentation Layer takes care that the data is sent in such a way that the receiver
will understand the information (data) and will be able to use the data.
2. While receiving the data, presentation layer transforms the data to be ready for
the application layer.
3. Languages(syntax) can be different of the two communicating systems. Under
this condition presentation layer plays a role of translator.
4. It performs Data compression, Data encryption, Data conversion etc.
 Unit5: Data Network
• The OSI Model
7.Application Layer
1. Application Layer is the topmost layer.
2. Transferring of files disturbing the results to the user is also done in this layer.
Mail services, directory services, network resource etc are services provided by
application layer.
3. This layer mainly holds application programs to act upon the received and to be
sent data.
 Unit5: Data Network
• Data network standards

Networking standards define the rules for data communications

that are needed for interoperability of networking technologies
and processes. Standards help in creating and maintaining open
markets and allow different vendors to compete on the basis of
the quality of their products while being compatible with
existing market products.
 Unit5: Data Network
• Data network standards

During data communication, a number of standards may be

used simultaneously at the different layers. The commonly used
standards at each layer are:
Application layer − HTTP, HTML, POP, H.323, IMAP
Transport layer − TCP, SPX
Network layer −IP, IPX
Data link layer − Ethernet IEEE 802.3, X.25, Frame Relay
Physical layer −RS-232C (cable), V.92 (modem)
 Unit5: Data Network
• Data network standards

Standards Organizations
Some of the noted standards organizations are

1. International Standards Organization (ISO)

2. International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
3. Institute of Electronics and Electrical Engineers (IEEE)
4. American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
5. Internet Research Task Force (IETF)
6. Electronic Industries Association (EIA)
 Unit5: Data Network
• ISDN
ISDN stands for Integrated Services Digital
Network. It’s a set of communication standards
that uses digital transmission to make phone
calls, video calls, transmit data and other
network services over the circuits of the
traditional PSTN (Public Switched Telephone
Network). 
 Unit5: Data Network
• DSL
A technology for high-speed network or Internet
access over voice lines. There are various types,
including asymmetric DSL (ADSL), high-bit-rate
DSL (HDSL), symmetric DSL (SDSL) and very-high-
bit-rate DSL (VDSL). The whole group is
sometimes referred to as xDSL.
 Unit5: Data Network
• DSL
 Unit5: Data Network
• DSL
 Unit5: Data Network
• Difference between DSL and ADSL
• ADSL represents the internet which makes use of digital relations
between a phone line and a modem. In the ADSL type of network,
the data sending speed is called upstream, and the data receiving
speed is called downstream.
• In DSL the upload and download speed is almost the same. On the
other hand, in ADSL the download speed is faster than the upload
speed.
• DSL is the main family of technology, whereas ADSL is a part of this
family.
• DSL is not asymmetric in nature whereas ADSL is asymmetric in
nature.
 Unit5: Data Network
• Token Ring
• Token ring (IEEE 802.5) is a communication
protocol in a local area network (LAN) where all
stations are connected in a ring topology and pass
one or more tokens for channel acquisition. A
token is a special frame of 3 bytes that circulates
along the ring of stations. A station can send data
frames only if it holds a token. The tokens are
released on successful receipt of the data frame.
 Unit5: Data Network
• Token Ring
• Token ring (IEEE 802.5) is a communication
protocol in a local area network (LAN) where all
stations are connected in a ring topology and pass
one or more tokens for channel acquisition. A
token is a special frame of 3 bytes that circulates
along the ring of stations. A station can send data
frames only if it holds a token. The tokens are
released on successful receipt of the data frame.
 Unit5: Data Network
• Token Ring
If a station has a frame to transmit when it
receives a token, it sends the frame and
then passes the token to the next station;
otherwise it simply passes the token to the
next station. Passing the token means
receiving the token from the preceding
station and transmitting to the successor
station. The data flow is unidirectional in
the direction of the token passing. In order
that tokens are not circulated infinitely,
they are removed from the network once
their purpose is completed.
 Unit5: Data Network
• Token Bus
• Token Bus (IEEE 802.4) is a standard for implementing
token ring over virtual ring in LANs. The physical media
has a bus or a tree topology and uses coaxial cables. A
virtual ring is created with the nodes/stations and the
token is passed from one node to the next in a sequence
along this virtual ring. Each node knows the address of
its preceding station and its succeeding station. A station
can only transmit data when it has the token. The
working principle of token bus is similar to Token Ring.
 Unit5: Data Network
• Token Bus
A token is a small message that circulates
among the stations of a computer network
providing permission to the stations for
transmission. If a station has data to
transmit when it receives a token, it sends
the data and then passes the token to the
next station; otherwise, it simply passes
the token to the next station. 
 Unit5: Data Network
• Bluetooth
• Bluetooth is a short-range wireless technology
standard that is used for exchanging data
between fixed and mobile devices over short
distances using UHF radio waves in the ISM
bands, from 2.402 to 2.48 GHz, and building
personal area networks.
 Unit5: Data Network
• WLAN
• A wireless local-area network (WLAN) is a
group of colocated computers or other
devices that form a network based on radio
transmissions rather than wired connections.