Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SINGAPORE
Group members
GAURESH AMBULKAR | 02 NIRJA PARAB | 27
JANHVI CHAUDHARI | SUMANT PATKAR |28
05 ANUSHKA PATIL |30
SHUBHAM GAWADE | MANSI PAWAR |33
09 JAANVI SADHWANI |34
VAISHNAVI KAMBLE | SHRUTI TELI |39
16
introduction
Singapore can be considered as one of the few Asian cities to be successful in urban transport planning and management. Recognizing that these restraint policies must be complemented by a
good public transport and transportation management system, the Singapore Government has, in the past two decades, embarked on several ambitious programs to introduce intelligent
systems into its transportation operations as well as to develop an efficient urban rail network. Singapore’s long-term transportation plans are to integrate land use and transportation
planning, to develop a comprehensive road network, to manage car population and road usage, and to provide quality public transport for its people.
Singapore, an island city-state of 685km2 and a population of 4.1 million in 2002, is one of
the highest densely populated countries in the world. Malaysia in 1963 and became an
independent city-state in 1965.
Towards an efficient transport system: An efficient transport system is one that is able to
move, as many commuters as possible to their desired destinations, in the shortest possible
time. Such was not the experience in the 1960s when the city was plagued with chronic
congestion problems in the city centre, poor traffic management of its facilities and inefficient
public transport operations. Singapore had recognized that the lack of an efficient transport
system could have a damaging effect on the economic growth and development of the
country.
A multi-pronged and integrated approach involving several issues has been adopted
by the Singapore government and the Land Transport Authority (LTA), in pursuing an
efficient system that meets the needs of the country. The concerns taken into consideration in
the transport planning process may be summarized as:
• Land use and transport planning
• Travel demand management;
• Traffic engineering and control; and
• Public transport operations. PUBLIC TRANSPORT MODES TRIPS PER DAY
The first two relate to the demand for travel, while the other two are associated with the
MRT 1,339,000
supply of transport services. They interact with each other in the sense that any attempt to deal
with the issues of how one group will affect the other. For example, improvements in public
BUSES 3,001,595
transport operations are often planned together with a travel demand management scheme.
The first issue stems from the need to maximize land-use utilization, which is TAXIS 588,632
particularly important in land-scarce Singapore. This is a sizeable proportion since only 13%
of land is taken up for housing. This may imply, therefore, that the limit of land utilization for TOTAL 4,929,227
transport development may have been reached. Secondly, the phenomenal social and
economic growth in the early years of nationhood had resulted in a high demand for YEAR PRIVATE CARS OTHER VEHICLES / KM
transportation, especially private vehicular travel. The country’s ratio of motor vehicles per VEHICLES OF ROAD
km of road has increased nearly threefold in the last forty years . Hence, the success of any
1961 70,108 47,828 82.1
efficient transport system will depend upon the effective application of travel demand
management. 1970 142,568 147,855 149.9
Thirdly, public transport operations are regarded to be instrumental in the government’s
attempt in restricting the use and ownership of private motor vehicles. With affluence, the 1980 152,574 218,767 157.6
population has increased their expectation of an efficient and comfortable public transport
system. There is also an implicit need to ensure that the public transport services remain an 1990 271,174 271,178 188.2
attractive alternative to the private car. Lastly, in the short term, there is always a need to
maximize the road capacity through various means such as traffic engineering measures and 2001 309,583 309,583 227.1
traffic control schemes.
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMs IN SINGAPORE
HISTORY OF SINGAPORE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
• For the past five decades, Singapore has experienced unprecedented development in its transportation landscape. What was
once a small colonial settlement with few public transport options has spawned into a first-world transport system with
extensive railway lines, comprehensive bus services to complement the railways and an intricate web of public roads.
• This was possible given the government’s huge emphasis on having an efficient transport system as a facilitator of economic
growth and development, combined with the engineering ingenuity of her city planners. Unlike many other major cities,
Singapore does not have the luxury of having much land space and access to natural resources. Faced with such difficulties,
city planners and engineers have had to explore innovative and ground-breaking ways to overcome these limitations.
• A fundamental principle of integrated land use and transport planning is to reduce the need for people to travel long distances
on a regular basis. This was evident in the early stages of urban planning in Singapore. Even before the start of the State and
City Planning Project (SCP), and the development of Singapore’s Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system, self-contained townships
were being built to serve the majority of their residents’ daily needs.
Dr Liu Thai Ker, who headed the HDB’s Design and Research Section from 1969 to 1975, highlighted that commercial centers—
which acted as employment, retail and transport hubs—accounted for the bulk of journeys made:
“Traffic planning cannot be done without land use. In fact, I want to highlight that the basic purpose for traffic is to move
people from home...to commercial centers. Of course people will say, “What about schools and factories and so on?” The
volume is small. If you solve the movement from home to commercial centers, you solve the majority of traffic needs.”
• In 1964, development began on the first self-sufficient satellite township comprehensively planned by the Housing &
Development Board (HDB) —Toa Payoh New Town. The main structure of Toa Payoh was put in place by 1972, and the town
continues to be developed over the years.
• In 1971, an interchange capable of accommodating 300 buses was built to improve Toa Payoh’s internal and external
connectivity. It was situated in the town center. This model would subsequently be implemented in other townships, where town
centers formed the hub of activity anchored around the bus interchange which, in future, would be integrated with MRT
stations.
• In 1973, the Singapore Bus Service (SBS) was formed through the merger of disparate bus operators that controlled services in
different areas. The consolidation of the fragmented bus industry resulted in better coverage, efficiency and profitability.
• In 1980s one recommendation of the SCP was for railway systems to be constructed, with detailed studies to be conducted to
assess when and how it should be deployed. The Comprehensive Traffic Study, completed in 1981, reported that an all-bus
system would be insufficient to meet our future transportation demands. Plans for a Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system were
then introduced, and major expressways such as the Pan-Island Expressway (PIE) and Bukit Timah Expressway (BKE) were
built to improve road connectivity within the island.
• In 1990s the Land Transport Authority (LTA) was formed in 1995 as the single agency responsible for all matters related to
land transportation, including policy-making, land transport planning, land transport development and related regulatory
functions.
Buses Bicycle
• Singapore's bus system has an extensive network of routes covering most places in • Singapore boasts a well-connected network of cycling paths, An economical way to get
Singapore. around, it’ is one of the most comfortable options for tourists
• An economical way to get around, it’ isone of the most comfortable options for tourists
Singapore has one of the most cost-effective public transport systems in the world. Travelling from one point to the other point is made easy, thanks to a highly penetrative public transport
network.
The transport network is efficient and fast due to the country’s well-organized, thorough, and extensive network of roads. One has the choice of travelling by SMRT, MRT, private car, bus,
Train
taxis, and foot to explore the sights, sounds, and smells of this vibrant city. However, the Land Transport Authority (LTA) stringently manages and monitors the development and use of private
•vehicles
Using to Singapore’s
reduce trafficMRT networkroad
and checks is perhaps
jam. the quickest way to rush around the island. The MRT system consists of five lines: the
East-West (green) line, the Circle (orange) line, the Downtown (blue) line, the North-South (red) line and the North-East (purple)
line.
• There are a lot of local businesses set up along the red and green line; that’s why locals and visitors mostly use it. Therefore,
anticipate reaching many food courts, restaurants, shopping malls, and bars fast by riding MRT.
• The extensive rail system suggests that most of Singapore’s main attractions are within walking distance from the station.
Singapore’s stations and trains are also friendly to families with strollers and the visually impaired, plus the wheelchair users.
Bus
• SBS Transit – which operates notable red-and-white buses – and SMRT – which are yellow buses – are the two public bus
transportation operators in Singapore. Each operator serves its chain of routes and bus interchanges throughout the city. The bus
service has a large and efficient system, covering almost every place in Singapore.
• There are hundreds of buses on this island to help get you from Point A to Point B. There are various ways to pay your fare. You can
either use the Singapore Tourist Pass or an EZ-Link stored-value card; they also accept foreign-issued MasterCard and Visa
contactless bank cards offered outside of Singapore plus cash.
• LTA aims to improve journey quality for as many commuters as possible. and strengthen the current hub-and-spoke model. LTA takes
a gradual and consultative approach with the community before deciding on making changes to the existing bus network.
Taxis
• Taxis provide you with comfort, greater speed, and of course privacy. The best mode for you to get to any destination in Singapore at
any time. It’s always a great alternative when you travel in a group, and the distance covered is short.
• Over 15,000 air-conditioned taxis are operating in Singapore. These metered taxis can be flagged down or met at a taxi stand 24/ 7
during the week. Note that specific pickup points and circumstances could add a surcharge onto your fare.
• Currently, LTA requires taxi companies to ensure that 85% of their taxis are on the road during peak periods (7am to 11am and 5pm
to 12 midnight).
• A car subscription service will be beneficial for the Singapore economy as there is a huge gap in the market for people to enjoy
owning a car without long-term commitment. .
• Caro offers a flat monthly fee as well as flexible ownership options. This will give you peace of mind as you won’t have to worry
about the annual depreciation of their car and unexpected raises in insurance premiums. The flat monthly fee covers the cost of
owning the car, insurance, road tax maintenance and 24-hour assistance..
River taxi
• The one thing that most tourists enjoy doing, and it’s a truly memorable experience, is Singapore’s river taxi. The cruise has
bumboats which are used for transporting passengers on their tour along the riverbanks.
• The bumboat river tour offers the best scenes of the city and is a great way to chill after a long walk. The tour takes you to the
famous buildings and landmarks of Singapore and lasts roughly 30 to 40 minutes. Singapore water taxis currently cover five stops:
Clemenceau, Boat Quay, Clarke Quay, Robertson Quay, and the Esplanade.
• VW camper van is a great way to holiday and see Singapore at the same time. They provide a flexible solution to your
transport and accommodation requirements, while at the same time providing you with the freedom to choose where you
want to travel next.
• With all the amenities you have at home, and the benefit of mobility, a motor home truly is a home from home. Check out
their website and see what facilities the VW camper van Singapore offers so that you are more acquainted when you
decide to rent or hire.
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMs IN SINGAPORE
IMPACT ON GLOBAL WARMING
• Urban transport affects global environment mainly by emitting Green house gases (GHG) from vehicles
and other life cycle processes. Globally, the most significant contributor to transport GHG is carbon
dioxide (CO2) emission which contributes to 95% of total GHG emission from transport
• Emission study conducted on road transport of Singapore estimated that in 2008, the total life cycle
GHG emission from road transport sector is 7.8 million tons, among which operational phase and non-
operational phases contribute about 55% and about 45%, respectively
• Climate change remains a concern for Singapore, as it has amongst the world’s largest CO2 emissions
per capita. The CO2 emission per capita in Singapore is 9.2 ton while the world average is 1.3 ton only,
making Singapore the top fourth carbon emitting country (according to per capita calculation).
Singapore government is targeting to cut CO2 emission by 16% of current within 2020. With its 2012
Green Plan and Climate Change strategy, Singapore is starting to take much needed climate change
mitigation and prevention measures.
• Air pollution is fast becoming a high priority issue in the rapidly growing urban Singapore. Vehicular
pollution is one of the main contributors to the state of air quality in Singapore. The air quality remains
good, with the Pollutant Standards Index (PSI) remaining in the ‘good’ range for at least 85% of the
year since 2003.
• Noise control: National Environmental Agency (NEA), Singapore has set the noise limit for residential
apartments as 55-65 decibel (dBA) range. The noise levels near the MRT stations are higher. According
to LTA, currently the train noise is within 80-85 decibels. LTA will also install tall barriers insulated
with noise absorbing materials such as rock wool. These moves are expected to reduce noise by at least
5 dBA, to within 75-80 dBA SUSTAINABLE URBAN TRANSPORT IN SINGAPORE
• Singapore’s urban transport has been recognized as a global landmark due to its consistent success in maintaining an excessively high level of traffic
through its smart operation that ensures a smooth traffic flow on its urban streets. While Singapore’s success and achievements in land transport sector
have been a role-model to follow for other global cities there are challenging areas without a proper addressing of which may hinder betterment of its
sustainability in the long run.
• The Concept of “CAR-LITE”- With a denser rail network and extensive bus services, we will be able to travel seamlessly and efficiently around our
city. Cycling and walking will become popular forms of getting around in our neighborhoods and regions. Electric car-sharing and driverless car trials
will be conducted in parts of Singapore. We can work together to achieve a peak hour mode share of 75% for public transport by 2030, up from 64% in
2013. With a “car-lite” Singapore, we can reduce our carbon footprint, as well as enjoy fresher air, a cleaner environment and a healthier lifestyle.
• Steps towards Sustainability-
o Introduce innovative features and creative designs to towns to provide a better cycling and walking environment.
o Develop a comprehensive cycling network spanning more than 700 km by 2030, with supporting infrastructure and a code of conduct to
promote safe cycling within and across towns
o Create more car-free spaces in housing estates and the city, such as the Civic District, where roads are temporarily or permanently closed
for public activities
o Introduce driverless vehicles on a larger scale in Singapore
o Pilot an electric car-sharing scheme to allow residents convenient access to electric cars without having to own one
o Trials of autonomous mobility concepts, such as driverless buses.
o Travel Early Scheme- it is a scheme for free transit during morning before 8am. so that there will be less crowd during peak timings.
o More Car-Free Public Spaces
o Safe and Pleasant Walking for Everyone & Taking Public Transport as Part of a Green Lifestyle.
o Encouraging Car-Sharing- Car-sharing allows people access to cars without owning one and reduces the overall number of vehicles on the
road. Interest in car-sharing services is on the rise, with membership of such services at 8,000 in 2013.
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMs IN SINGAPORE
SOCIAL , CULTURAL & ECONOMIC IMPACTS
Since 2015, the Singapore government has made a concerted effort to invest heavily in infrastructure development and its public transportation systems. More specifically, they pledged to
spend an estimated $30 billion by the end of this decade, which is more than 50% higher than the amount invested three years ago.
This investment has already begun to yield results, with a recent study revealing that Singapore is home to one of the most cost-effective public transport networks in the world.
The study, conducted by London consultancy firm Credo, strived to calculate the economic cost of inefficient transport to the 35 cosmopolitan cities, along with the fiscal benefits of creating
an advanced and reliable network.
Taking into account individual elements such as fares, crowding levels and travelling times, the study found that Singapore boasted the most efficient network in the world. In fact, the
economic cost of transport to an individual commuter was around 8.9% of GDP, placing the country ahead of Hong Kong (9.2%) in a group of high-density, compact cities.
How is This affecting the Economic Growth in the Current Climate?
• Like any metropolitan economy, Singapore has a diverse and complex range of income streams. It has always been a core financial trading and investment hub.
• Singapore has smartly positioned itself as the go-to destination for multinational firms who are looking to establish their headquarters in Asia. This is a progressive and potentially
lucrative position in the current climate, particularly with Brexit likely to force a number of such corporations to relocate elsewhere.
• With this in mind, the sustained infrastructure investment and continual improvements to the nation’s transport network have proved crucial, as they create a more compelling proposition
for multi-national firms and make Singapore a more attractive destination.
As the network becomes even more advanced and developed in the future, we’re likely to see even greater economic efficiency and more businesses base themselves in Singapore.
Is this Sustainable?
• The question that remains, of course, is whether this current state of affairs is sustainable? After all, the continued infrastructure investment has created a pressing need for the existing
fare formula to be reviewed, so that costs can be tracked more efficiently over time.
• For now, fares remain extremely affordable and offer huge value to commuters, but it’s arguable that they cannot be sustained at the same rate given the increased government spending.
So, if the quality of Singapore’s network is to be maintained as a key driver of efficiency and economic growth, there’s little doubt that fairs will rise in the near-term.
• Even then, we would most likely see incremental rises that actually boosted the amount reinvested into the economy.
From the perspective of commuters, they could also console themselves with the fact their increased spend will at least translate into superior value and sustained economic expansion
Traffic management • In 1990, the chargeable area was extended to include the expressways leading into the
• Singapore, in south east Asia, is a small island with limited space, so traffic congestion is a city. With the objective of being able to manage road pricing even more precisely,
major problem. A range of transport policies have been introduced by the Singapore Singapore has since replaced the ALS with a state of the art, digital Electronic Road
Government in order to reduce the volume of traffic and the number if cars on the roads. Pricing (ERP) system.
• For example, the authorities have restricted entry to the city center during rush hours and • Other Intelligent elements include an Expressway Monitoring and Advisory System,
have imposed high vehicle registration fees and strict requirements for obtaining a driver’s alerting motorists to traffic accidents on major roads and a GPS system installed on the
license. city taxis, which monitors and reports on traffic conditions around the city.
• The authorities have also increased the use of electronic road pricing (ERP) on major • All information from the systems feed into the Intelligent Transport System’s
roads, which encourages motorists to change their mode of transport to public transports, Operations Control Centre, which consolidates the data and provides real-time traffic
reducing traffic congestion. information to the public.
• Furthermore the city’s bus network has been made more efficient, which encourages more • Under the Vehicle Quota System (VQS), one must enter a bid system to even get
people to use forms of public transport, therefore reducing Congestion as well as Co2 permission to own a car (the Certificate of Entitlement), which will give you registration
emissions. privileges for 10 years.
• As a result of the transport policies in Singapore car ownership has declined by nearly one • If you are lucky enough to get a COE, then be prepared to pay an enormous tax for the
per cent since 2000 and two-thirds of all daily journeys are now made via public transport. privilege: customs duty are 41% on the value of any imported vehicle, then it will cost
In addition there has been 45 per cent less traffic and 25 per cent fewer accidents In the $1,000 to $5000 to register the car (private vs company), plus on first registration there
city center. will be an Additional Registration Fee (ARF) of 150% of the (inflated) market price of
the car.
• Once you get the car on the road, there will be road taxes which vary with the age of
your car.
Actions
• Singapore has implemented a sophisticated Intelligent Transport System in addition to a number of transport initiatives – including free public transportation in pre-morning peak hours, a
vehicle quota system, congestion charge and an extensive public transport system.
• The city has pioneered the introduction of a variety of technologies to the system, including one of the world’s first Electronic Road Pricing systems (ERP – tolls that vary according to
traffic flows, and work as a congestion charge).
• The ERP uses a short-range radio communication system to deduct charges from smart cards inserted in the vehicles.
Public transport
Pros Cons
• People will not have to waste money purchasing for a vehicle. Most people will feel that • Using public transport is very time consuming. Buses or MRTS have to stop at stations
having a car would be much more convenient than taking normal transport. for passengers to alight.
• After doing some changes, people will realize that taking public transport is way easier • During peak hours, there will also be traffic jams and that will consume a lot of time.
and cheaper than purchasing a vehicle and driving it around not to mention the cost of Making use of public transport is also not as comfortable as having your own vehicle. In
petrol rising these days. There will also be an improvement in the environment. public transport, sometimes there are no seats available and you have to stand along the
• Cars run on petrol and hence produce poisonous fumes that pollute the environment and walkway.
harm our body. By reducing the number of cars purchased, it will also reduce the amount • This is terribly dangerous because when the vehicle is moving, you may lose your
of harmful fumes released into the air. balance and fall over. However, in your own car, you have your own space and comfort.
• Therefore the amount of pollutants will be reduced.
S W
• High Product Diversity – Bus, Train and Taxi services
• High Product Quality
• Modular transportation growth approach to offer better • Centralized only in Singapore for revenues
connectivity for future • Lower train operating profit due to higher R & M costs and
• Safe and secure. Least number of fatalities over the 10 year staff related expenses, partially offset by higher revenue.
moving average.
• Over 7000 people are employed with the organization
O T
• Increased Ridership trend • LTA as central bus network planner
• Expansion of RTS Network • There is limited land space for expansion with increasing travel
• Growth in industry due to tourism boom demand.
• The company can tie-up with international players for global • Rise in number of vehicles
exposure
System renewal
Technologies & innovations
• To enhance reliability across the land transport system, LTA undertakes ongoing projects
• To challenge the limits, LTA constantly looks at how we can use technology to innovate
to upgrade and renew various aspects of the rail system.
and find new solutions to address both current and future transport needs.
Upgrading the Bukit Panjang Light Rail Upgrading the North-South and East- Autonomous Vehicles
Electric Vehicles
Transit (LRT) West Lines
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• https://lkyspp.nus.edu.sg/docs/default-source/research-centres-document/transport-planning-for-singapore.pdf?sfvrsn=1c0d960b
_2
• https://singaporerecords.com/transport/
• https://singaporerecords.com/trans/
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228322299_Sustainable_Urban_Transport_in_Singapore_A_Balanced_Scorecard
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MRT_and_LRT_System_Map.svg.png
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• https://carro.sg/blog/6-alternative-modes-of-transport-in-singapore/
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• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_uo4k6qlIlQ
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THANK YOU
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMs IN SINGAPORE