PARAMETRIC TESTS

COURSE LECTURER: Prof. Dr. İlker ETİKAN

DEPARTMENT OF BIOSTATISTICS
FACULTY OF MEDICINE
NEAR EAST UNIVERSITY
 Hypothesis Tests of the Mean and Median
Parametric tests (means) Nonparametric tests (medians)

Independent –Sample t- test Mann-Whitney U test

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Paired Sample t-test Wilcoxon Signed-Ranked Test

One-Way ANOVA Kruskal-Wallis

One-way Repeated Measures ANOVA Friedman’s test

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 PARAMETRIC TESTS

• Used for quantitative data

• Used for continuous variables

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• Used when data are measured on approximate
interval or ratio scales of measurement.

• Data should follow a normal distribution. 3

Parametric Tests
• There are two main advantages of using
parametric statistics:
• Parametric statistics are powerful analyses in
the sense that they exploit all the

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information available in the continuous data.
• Parametric statistics can be applied to many
complex designs. It enables analyses of
interaction effects, as well as the
simultaneous analyses of multiple 4
dependent variables.
Independent vs Dependent
(Unpaired vs Paired )
• Two samples are said to be paired when each data
point in the first sample is matched and is related to
a unique data point in the second sample
• The paired samples may represent at least two sets

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of measurements on the same people. In this case
each person is serving as his or her own control
• Samples (groups) are independent when the objects
in each of them are different individuals and the
measurements in one group do not affect the
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measurements of other groups
 Examples

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Few Steps to Systemize
Hypothesis Tests Selection
• In following few slides, a simple but effective
strategy to select appropriate statistical
hypothesis testing method is given

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• Remember ! These steps include only basic and
most common methods and selection must be
carefully done without violating any critical
assumptions about the data

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Parametric Assumptions
1. Check if every group has at least 10 objects
2. Check if the number of objects are close to
each other for every study group
3. Be sure that the variable being tested between

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the groups is continuous
4. Do normality test for each group and be sure
that each of the are normally distributed
5. Do the homogeneity of variances test and see
if the groups have homogenous variances
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 ONE SAMPLE t-TEST
• When compare the mean of a single group of
observations with a specified value

• In one sample t-test, we know the population

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mean. We draw a random sample from the
population and then compare the sample mean
with the population mean and make a statistical
decision as to whether or not the sample mean
is different from the population
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 STUDENT’S t-TEST

Uses:

1. Two means of small independent samples

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2. Sample mean and population mean
3. Two proportions of small independent samples

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Assumptions in the use of ‘t’ test

1. Samples are randomly selected

2. Variable follow a normal distribution
3. Sample variances are mostly the same in the
groups under the study

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4. Samples are small and usually lower than 30

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 PAIRED SAMPLE t-TEST

• The paired sample t-test, sometimes called the

dependent sample t-test, is a statistical
procedure used to determine whether the mean
difference between two sets of observations is

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zero.

• In a paired sample t-test, each subject or entity is

measured twice, resulting in pairs of
observations. 14
The paired sample t-test has four main assumptions:

• The dependent variable must be continuous

(interval/ratio).

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• The observations are independent of one another.

• The dependent variable should be approximately

normally distributed.

• The dependent variable should not contain any

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outliers.
 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
• The statistical model involving a test of
significance of the difference in mean values
between two groups is called the student’s ‘t’
test.

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• If there are more than two groups, the
appropriate statistical model is ANALYSIS OF
VARIANCE (ANOVA).

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Assumptions on the use of ANOVA

1. Sample population can be easily approximated

to normal distribution.
2. All populations have the same Standard
Deviation.

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3. Individual units in population are selected
randomly.
4. The samples must be Independent samples.

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 REPEATED MEASURES ANOVA

• Repeated measures ANOVA is the equivalent of

the one-way ANOVA, but for related, not
independent groups, and is the extension of the
dependent t-test.

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 When to use a Repeated Measures ANOVA ?

We can analyse data using a repeated measures

ANOVA for two types of study design.

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For example, you might be investigating the effect of
a 6-month exercise training programme on blood
pressure and want to measure blood pressure at 3
separate time points (pre-, midway and post-exercise
intervention).
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• In repeated measures ANOVA, the independent
variable has categories called levels or related
groups.

• Where measurements are repeated over time, such

as when measuring changes in blood pressure due

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to an exercise-training programme, the
independent variable is time.

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Each level (or related group) is a specific time point. Hence, for the
exercise-training study, there would be three time points and each
time-point is a level of the independent variable (a schematic of a
time-course repeated measures design is shown below):

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