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INTENSIVE CARE
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CR / MT / LN / UB / ZF / JA
Pengampu :
Akut Kronis
Acute on Chronic?
Hipoxemic Respiratory Failure
Extrapulmonary Causes
1. Low oxygen environment high altitude, usually above 8000 feet
2. Low Mixed Vein Oxygen
Intrapulmonary Causes
3. Shunt perfusion without accompanying ventilation.
4. Ventilation Perfusion Mismatch
5. Pneumonia
6. Cardiogenic pulmonary edema and Congestive Heart Failure
7. NonCardiogenic pulmonary edema and Congestive Heart Failure
8. Diffusion Abormalities
9. Hipovenilaton
Klasifikasi Hipoksia. (Butterworth
2013)
Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
Airway obstruction
Evaluation of
the patient
with respiratory
distress
Ventilasi
Mekanik
Ventilasi Mekanik
(Butterworth 2013)
Indikasi utama memulai ventilasi
mekanik
Tanda-Tanda Klinis
– Rr > 30
– VT < 4 ml/Kg PBW
– PaO2 < 60
– pH < 7.25
– Respiratory Distress
Membantu oksigenasi
Pengaturan:
a) Inspiratory pressure (pressure control)
b) Rate
c) Ti (or I:E)
d) Patient trigger type and sensitivity
e) PEEP
f) FiO2
g) Rise time (possibly).
Pressure support ventilation (PSV) mode
Pengaturan:
a) Inspiratory pressure (also known as
pressure support) 1. Hanya untuk pasien napas aktif
b) Patient trigger type and sensitivity 2. Harus mengaktifkan apnoue
c) PEEP (back-up) ventilation
d) FiO2
e) Flow cycling criteria
f) Rise time (possibly).
Setting awal ventilator
– Pada umumnya frekuensi pernafasan diset 10-12 kali permenit dan volume
tidal 8-10 mL/kg.
– VT lebih rendah (6-8 mL/kg) mungkin dibutuhkan untuk menghindari plateau
pressure berlebih (> 35-40 cmH20), barotrauma dan volume trauma
– Pasien dengan nafas spontan SIMV harus bisa mengatasi resistensi tambahan
karena adanya ETT, demand valve, dan sirkuit nafas.
– Pada orang dewasa, ukuran ETT kecil (diameter internal < 7 mm) sebaiknya
mungkin dihindari. Penggunaan pressure support 5-15 cmH2O selama SIMV
dapat mengkompensasi resistensi dari ETT dan sirkuit.
– Penambahan PEEP 5-8 cmH2O selama ventilasi tekanan positif dapat
mempertahankan FRC dan pertukaran gas.
Kriteria mekanik untuk proses weaning /
ekstubasi(Butterworth 2013)
Nutrisi
Algoritma PN
45
Associated microorganism:
- Gram positive (65%)
- Gram negative (25%)
- Fungi (9%)
Most common primary source of infection: Pneumonia
Sequentian (Septic related)
Organ Failure Asessment
Highlights of SSC Guidelines
Initial Resuscitation
- Completed within 3 of identification
- Individualized resuscitation goals using combination of focused bedside
ultrasonography, lactate, base deficit while addressing the adequacy of fluid
resuscitation
Hemodynamic support
- Type of fluid:
- RL than NS
- No HES
- Keep Albumin level > 3 gm% in septic shock