Lets

Improve
Together

Curriculum:
Components, Development &
Evaluation
Prof Dr. S. M. Tahir
Muhammad Medical College
Mirpurkhas
 Lets
Curriculum: Learning Objectives Improve
Together

• Participants should be able to-

• Define and explain the concept of curriculum
• Enumerate curriculum foundations and
components
• Explain the curriculum in his/her own subject area
• Discuss the importance and need for curriculum
evaluation
Introduction to Curriculum Lets
Improve
Together

•Two interrelated but quite different

are
•Syllabus.
•Curriculum.
 Lets
Improve
Together

• Unidirectional
Syllabus • Subject to be study

• Tridimensional for entire COURSE

Curriculum • Need of student, cover all subject
and instructional strategy
Syllabus Curriculum Lets
summary of the topics/units to be It is overall content, taught in a Improve
taught in the particular subject. course. Together
Varies from teacher to teacher Same for all teacher
For a subject For entire course
Greek word Latin word
Narrow scope Wide Scope
Descriptive Prescriptive
Available to students so that they Available to teachers but may be to
may take interest in the topic students
Develop/define by teacher Develop by authority for example
PMC.
Usually for term only For entire course duration
Curriculum Lets
Improve
Together
 Lets
Definition Improve
Together

•“Curriculum is a plan of action which

incorporates the learning outcomes to
be attained over a period of time by
exposing the learner to various learning
experiences”
 Lets
What is a Curriculum? Improve
Together

• A statement of learning objectives

• A statement of learning experiences
• A statement of learning outcomes
• A listing of the subject matter (syllabus)
 WHAT IS CURRICULUM? Lets
Improve
Together
Intended aims & Entry
objectives, requirements
content, experiences, Flexibilities
Assessment
outcomes system
and processes of the
educational
program. Education structure
CURRICULUM

Programme
organisation

Expected methods of Syllabus content:

learning, teaching, Knowledge, skills,
feedback and supervision. attitudes, expertise Length
to be achieved.
 Lets
Curriculum Improve
Together

• Latin word means “ Race- course”

• What it denotes?
 It denotes Lets
Improve
Together

• Path to be followed

• Frame within which it has to be followed

 Lets
? Curriculum Improve
Together

• Provides direction to both teachers as well as students

• Assists in selection of appropriate learning resource
material
• Helps to adopt appropriate teaching-learning activities
• Helps in designing appropriate assessment tools
• Ultimately helps designing relevant and efficient
educational programme
Curriculum Lets
Improve
Student Together
What to learn
*Content
How to learn
Educational
strategy
Teaching Learning
tools
Assessment

Educational
Environment
Learning
Outcome
 Lets
Improve
Together

Curriculum Development
 Lets
Curricular Components Improve
Together
• Need Assessment:
• Determining and prioritizing content
• Objectives
what will the learner be able to do at the end of instructions.
• Educational/instructional strategies
learning resources like books, manuals, models, A - V aids etc.
• Implementation
denote the way the materials will be used e. g. lectures, practicals, group
discussions, self study, field visits etc.
• Assessment/Evaluation
to certify the attainment of stipulated proficiency; and to provide a feedback to
the learner and the teacher
Models of curriculum Development Lets
Improve
Together

• The Tyler model

• The Taba Model
• The Saylor and Alexander Model
• The Goodlad Model
• The Hunkins Model
• The Miller and Seller Model
• The Zais Model
 Lets
Zais Model Improve
Together

Needs knowledge of – 
A – Curriculum foundations
B – Curriculum components
 Lets
Improve
Together
 S
T
Aims, Objective, Learning Evaluation
R
Content Activities
U
Goals C
T
U
R
E

F
Individual Learning O
Epistemology Society Culture U
Student Theory N
D
A
T
I
Philosophical assumption O
N
Value and Belief of Educator Compiling Curriculum
Curriculum foundations Lets
 Answer of four basic questions give desired shape to curriculum
Improve
Together

• Why a subject is being taught?

• Who is being taught?
MBBS/BDS/FCPS trainee
• How a subject will be taught?
face to face or distance mode
• What is to be
achieved Learning outcome
Anatomy: Why it is being taught? Lets
Improve
Together

Students understand the

Students score better
Interrelationship of various
in USMLE/NLE/PLEB
structures of human body in
better way

Emphasis on basics Emphasis on recent

advances
ZAIS MODEL FOR CURRICULUM DESIGN Lets
Improve
© from Igniting the Sparkle, by Gregory Cajete, Ph.D., 1999 Together

• The Zais Model for Curriculum Design is an excellent

tool for the development of culturally-responsive
science and math.
• It is composed of four pairs of components and
foundations which are inter-related.
• The model allows for a comprehensive
understanding and application of curriculum design
in a school.
 Lets
Epistemology Improve
Together

• Epistemology is the branch of philosophy concerned

with knowledge.
• Epistemologists study the
• Nature,
• Origin, and scope of knowledge,
• Epistemic justification,
• Rationality of belief, and Various related issues.
 Lets
Improve
Which is correct ?
Together
A B

Objectives Objectives

Materials Assessment planning

Methods Materials

Assessment planning Methods

Assessment Assessment
 Lets
Improve
Together

“Begin with the end in

mind”
 Lets
Improve
Which is correct ?
Together
A B

Objectives Objectives

Materials Assessment planning

Methods Materials

Assessment planning Methods √

Assessment Assessment
 Lets
Curriculum development Improve
Together

• Curriculum planning should be flexible

• Same learning objective could be

achieved by using different teaching
methodology.
 Lets
Curriculum Development Improve
Together

Subject Centered

Learner Centered
Approaches

Problem Solving
 Lets
Subject centered approach Improve
Together

• Emphasis to complete subject matter

• Number of lectures / number of topics /
number of hours are assigned
  
(Contemporary MBBS curriculum)
DISCIPLINE BASED Lets
Improve
Together

O&G SURG MED PED

FM PATH MICR PHARM CM
ANAT PHYSIO BIO CH.
BIO PHY MATH CHEM COMP G.K.
 Lets
Learner centered approach Improve
Together

• Emphasis on fulfilling the needs of learner.

• Students will be active and responsible participants in their own

learning.

• Strengthens student motivation, promotes peer communication,

builds student‐teacher relationships and promotes active learning.
STUDENT DECIDES ON
• Learning objectives.
• Course contents.
• Methods to be used to achieve objectives.
• Learning resources.
• Sequence and pace of learning.
• Time of Assessment.

BE LEARNER
ORIENTED
 Problem solving approach
Lets
Improve
Together

•Emphasis on ability of learner to solve a given problem

•Involves subject as well as learner centered approach
 Lets
Improve
Together

None of the approaches are entirely

satisfactory
 Lets
SPICES model of Medical curriculum Improve
(Harden et al 1984) Together

MODERN SYSTEM TRADITIONAL SYSTEM

•Student-centered • Teacher-centered.
•Problem-based • Information-gathering
•Integrated • Discipline-based
•Community-based • Hospital-based
•Elective • Standard Program
•Systematic • Apprenticeship-based
(More the curriculum is on left side, the better it is )
 Lets
INEGRATION Improve
Together

HORIZONTOL VERTICAL

SPIRAL
SPIRAL Lets
Improve
Together
INTEGRATED Medicines
Lets
Anatomy Improve
Therapeutics Together

Surgery Physiology
CVS

Pathology Biochemistry

Radiology
Advantages of Integration
• Reduces fragmentation of medical course. Lets
Improve
• Improves education effectiveness of teaching. Together

• Promotes staff communication and collaboration.

Advantages of subject based

• Omission of topics is avoided.
• Content of discipline is not neglected.
• Less costly.
• Teacher friendly.
• Provides a career choice.
Curriculum Designs Lets
Improve
Together

Student oriented Teacher oriented

Problem Based Information Gathering

Integrated Discipline based

Community Oriented Hospital based

Elective Uniform

Systematic Apprenticeship/
Opportunistic

THE IDEAL MODEL?

 NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY
Ideal Curriculum
Lets
Improve
Together
Ideal Curriculum Lets
Improve
Together

NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY

PROVINCIAL HEALTH POLICY
Ideal Curriculum Lets
Improve
Together

NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY

PROVINCIAL HEALTH POLICY

UNIVERSITY GOALS
 NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY
Ideal Curriculum Lets
STATE HEALTH POLICY Improve
Together
UNIVERSITY GOALS

Curriculum Goals

Department Goals

Objectives - Assessments &

Teaching Strategies
 NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY
Ideal Curriculum Lets
PROVINCIAL HEALTH POLICY Improve
Together
UNIVERSITY GOALS

Curriculum Goals

Department Goals

Objectives - Assessments & Teaching

Strategies

D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 Dn
 ST
PRESENT AT LIC
Y
E PO
SITUATION HAELTH Lets
UNIV.L GOAL
HE AL
TH Improve
OF MEDICAL A
N
TIO
A
PO Together
N
EDUCATION Curriculum LI
CY

Goals
Department Goals

Objectives - Assessments
& Teaching Strategies

D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 Dn

Assignments
Curricular determinants Lets
Improve
National health objectives Together

Institutional Objectives

Departmental Objectives

Subject Content

Learning experiences

Assessment plan
 Lets
Improve
Together
 Lets
Improve
Together

Curriculum Development:
A Six Step Approach
 Lets
Contents Improve
Together

• Step 1 Problem Identification and General Needs Assessment

• Step 2 Targeted Needs Assessment
• Step 3 Goals and Objectives
• Step 4 Educational Strategies
• Step 5 Implementation
• Step 6 Evaluation and Feedback
CURRICULUM IS TOO IMPORTANT NOT TO BELets
EVALUATED Improve
Together
THE EVALUATION SYSTEM Lets
Improve
Together
PURPOSE OUTCOME

METHOD

Decision
CONTEXT
Communication

Curriculum change & development

 Lets
APPROACH Improve
Together
• There is no one ‘correct’ approach
• Your evaluation MUST be based on your defined objectives.

Remember:
Evaluation is part of a
change management
process for
curriculum renewal
 Lets
Improve
"Curriculum is in the air. No matter Together

what the problem in medical education,

curriculum is looked to as the solution“

R M Harden