TLE 7 Carpentry (Week 1-2)

Mrs. Ederliza P. Aloyan

 What is Carpentry?
Is a skilled trade and a
craft in which the primary
work performed is the
cutting, shaping, and
installation of building
materials during the
construction of buildings,
ships, timber bridges,
concrete formwork, etc.
In simpler form…

 Carpentry is the activity or occupation of

making or repairing things in wood and it is
commonly done by a carpenter.
Concrete

 Is now the number one building material in the construction of

modern houses and buildings, because it is easier to form and it can
last longer than other materials.

 It is used primarily as a foundation material in residential

construction.

 It is also used for floors, walls, stairs, walkways, and kitchen

countertops.
Materials

1.Concrete – is made by mixing

cement, fine aggregate (granular
material such as sand), coarse
aggregate (gravel or crushed
stone), and water in proper
proportions.
a. Cement – a fine gray
powder that acts as binder
for materials in concrete. It is
made of 60 percent lime, 25
percent silica, and 5 percent
alumina.
b. Aggregate – granular
materials, which can be
fine or coarse. The size of
coarse aggregate to be
used depends on the kind
of work.
c. Water – one of the active
ingredients of concrete. It
should be clean and free
from oil, alkali, and acid.

*A good rule of thumb is that the water to be used in making

concrete should be suitable for drinking.
d. Other Materials

Chemical admixtures – ingredients added to the

concrete mix to change the latter’s physical or
chemical characteristics. An example is the compound
commonly called “sahara,” which makes finished
concrete water proof.
Colorants
– added to the surface of concrete to provide a cheap
finish.
It can be applied by:

 Mixing the colorant with the concrete that will be used for
the finished surface.

 Adding a colored layer or an uncolored layer of fresh

concrete.

 Dusting a colorant powder evenly over the surface of fresh

concrete, and troweling to allow the colorant to be absorbed.
KINDS OF CONCRETE

1. Reinforced concrete –
made by casting concrete
around steel bars or rods.
Almost all large structures and
bridges require the use of this
extra strong type of concrete.
2. Pre-stressed concrete
– made by casting
concrete around steel
cables stretched by
hydraulic jacks.
After the concrete hardens, the jacks are released
and the cables compress the concrete.
This process results in concrete that is strong even in
tension, and can therefore be used in making beams,
floors, and bridges longer than those that can be
made using reinforced concrete.
 Precast concrete

It can also be built at

the construction site
and are hoisted into
place after they
harden.
 Precast concrete

It makes the mass

production of building
materials possible.
Precast concrete

Sewer pipes, floor, and

roof units, wall panels,
beams, and girders
(beams used as a main
horizontal support in a
building or bridge)
3. Pre-cast concrete
– cast in molds or
forms, cured and
hardened, and
transferred to the
construction site.
Precast Concrete Building
 4. Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU)

Commonly known as hollowblock.

It comes in many shapes and sizes,

and some are even decorated.

It is used in constructing three-

fourths of all masonry walls.
 How to mix concrete?

It can be done by hand or machine.

Using either method, one part Portland cement, 2 to 2
¼ parts of sand, and three parts crushed stone ( ¾
inch in diameter) are mixed together.

In common practice, 5 gallons of water are needed per

bag of cement.
Before mixing, measure the dry materials carefully
using the square box, since the proportions are critical
to the mix.
A soupy mix
makes weak
concrete.
Remember that a stiffer mix
makes stronger concrete. If the
concrete mix is too wet, add
some sand and mix thoroughly
until it stiffens.
Recommended proportions of concrete mix

Materials By Volume By Weight

Cement 1 bag 40 kgs.

Water 5 ½ gallons 21 kgs

Sand 2 ft³ 91 kgs.

Coarse aggregate 3 ft³ 118 kgs.

How to compute the proportions of materials needed?

Get the dimensions of the structure to be built.

Compute for the volume of the structure to be
built.
Placing concrete

After mixing, the concrete mix can be poured into

forms made of wood, plywood, or steel.
However, for most sidewalks and concrete pads, the
form is made of 2x4 lumber.

The form holds the concrete until it hardens.

Wooden Forms
Metal Forms
Pour the concrete and work it out by spreading it
towards the corners and sides with a spade or
bamboo sticks.
Working out the fresh
concrete prevents the
formation of air
bubbles or open
spaces, which are
called honeycombs.
WOOD AND LUMBER
 WOOD AND LUMBER

Wood – remains one of the top materials in house

construction.

Carpenters have been using wood to build houses as well

as various other structures.
They have also
been using wood to
make furniture and
decorative items for
the home.
Due to the great
demand for wood,
billions of trees have
been cut down through
the ages, depleting
forests around the
world.
Today, most of the
trees cut for
construction
lumber were
planted 20 years
ago, at the most.
In general, all trees grow
very large, while some only
grow to a considerable size.

The size of the wood

depends on the size of the
tree.
Cross-section of a tree
 Is commonly
used to make HEARTWOOD
furniture.
 Outer part, which
is not as strong
SAPWOOD
and durable as the
heartwood.
Categories of Wood

Softwood – is used in the construction of windows,

doors, furniture items, paper, etc.

Hardwood – is used for making high quality

flooring, furniture, and others for long -term
purpose.
2. LUMBER

• Refers to the log that is cut into standard sizes

ready for construction.

• This includes plywood and other types.

• It used only after it has been dried to obtain good

results.
Classification of Lumber

• ROUGH LUMBER is the raw material for making

furniture and items that require further cutting and
shaping.

• PLANED or FINISHED LUMBER is used for

construction
Examples of Planed Lumber

1.S2s – lumber that is planed on two sides.

2.S4s – lumber that is planed on four sides.

 Types of Plywood

1. Marine plywood – manufactured using a special

glue that makes it water-resistant.
2. Narra plywood

– one surface is made of narra.

3. Synthetic plywood

– one surface is made of plastic with different

decorations.
Construction of Plywood

 Ply-board or block-board is an alternative to

plywood. Its core is made up of solid strips of wood.
Laminboard and batten board are the two-types of
block-board, both of which are often used in making
doors, panelling, and shelves.
Particle board is made of particles of
wood embedded in a synthetic resin and
veneered with plastic or wood. It is
commonly used for flooring , shelves, and
furniture.
Particle board
Fiberboard is made of wood
fibers joined together with a
bonding agent and
compressed at high pressure.
The most common thicknesses
of fiberboard are 1/18 inch,
3/16 inch, and ¼ inch.
Lawanit is a type of fiberboard
commonly used in the
Philippines. The common
thickness of lawanit are 3/16 inch
and ¼ inch. The width and length
are 4 feet and 8 feet, respectively.
Special sizes are 3/16 or ¼ inch
thick, and 2 feet wide and 3 feet
long.
 Lumber
is sold by board foot. A board foot is 1 inch thick, 12 inches
wide, and 1 foot long.

To specify the measurement, it is given in thickness, width, and

length.

Thickness and width are given in inches, while length is given

in feet.
Example:

Compute for the total board foot of a lumber with the given dimensions.

Given:

Thickness (T) = 2 inches Width (W) = 6 inches Length (L) = 10 inches

Number of pieces (N) = 10

Solution: T x W x L x N = 2 x 6 x 10 x 10 = 100 board feet

12 12
Fasteners

Fasteners are used to strengthen wood joints. Nails,

screws, and bolts are the different types of fasteners.
A careful study will lead to the proper selection of
fasteners for the desired results in the finished
product.
Of the three kinds of fasteners, nails are the most common fasteners for
woodwork. They provide a simple and quick way of fastening two pieces
of wood together. They are commonly used for rough work, or for work
where a well-finished surface is of minor importance.

Nails are manufactured in many different methods and sizes to meet

specific purposes
 
 

 
Types of Nails
1. Common wire nails

These have a flat head and come in the widest

range of sizes. The available sizes of this type of
nail are 1”, 1 ¼ “, 1 ½ “, 2”. Also common wire nails
are available in 3”, 4”, and 5” sizes.
2. Box nails

They are smaller in diameter than common wire

nails, but with heavier flat heads. These are used if
there is a danger of splitting the wood.
3. Casing nails

These are small and flat-headed nails, with a

diameter that is the same as that of box of nails.
They are used for blind nailing (nailing wherein the
head cannot be seen on the surface of the work).
4. Finishing nails

These nails are small-headed nails that have the

same diameter as common wire nails. They are
used for interior finishing work.
5. Drive nails

These have a twisted groove which turns like a

screw when driven or hammered into wood. They
are very difficult to pull out.
6. Roofing nails

Also called umbrella nails, roofing nails are about 2

to 3 inches in length and have the same diameter as
the 2 ½ inch common wire nail. They have a large
head that prevents the material from pulling out
over the nail.
Trees are giving us…
But this is what we are doing…
What will you do to save our planet?
Can you define the following words?

Cement

Concrete

Wood

Lumber
All building materials have their own characteristics.

Each material should be studied carefully so they can be

applied to suit a specific application.