Summarizing Data with

Numerical Values
• Introduction: to summarize a set of
numerical data we used three types of
groups can be used to give an idea about
data, these groups are:
1. Central Tendency (‫لمركزية‬++‫ة ا‬+‫لنزع‬++‫ )ا‬such : Mean –
Median – Mode.
2. Variation measures ‫ت‬ ( ‫لتشت‬++‫سا‬++‫ )مقايي‬such as:
Range- Mean deviation- variance- standard
deviation- coefficient of variation- inter
quartile range.
3. Shape such as: Skewness (‫لتواء‬+‫ال‬+ ‫ )ا‬- Kurtosis
(‫لتفلطح‬++‫)ا‬.
 Central Tendency
• Mean
– Arithmetic mean (Average)
• Definition: The arithmetic mean of a set of
values is the measure of center by adding
the values and dividing the total by the
number of values.
• The arithmetic mean is the most widely
used measure of location and it can be
divided to:
• Mean of ungrouped data and it can be
calculated as:
 Central Tendency n

x i
For sample mean( x )  i 1

n
n

x i
For population  i 1

• Example: Find the mean of {5.4, 1.1,

0.42, 0.73, 0.48, and 1.1}.
 Central Tendency
• Example: Find the mean of {5.4, 1.1,
0.42, 0.73, 0.48, and 1.1}.

x
i 1
i
(5.4  1.1  0.42  0.73  0.48  1.1) 9.23
mean( x )     1.538
n 6 6
 Central Tendency
1. Weighted mean: It is similar to an
ordinary arithmic mean, except that
instead of each of the data points
contributing equally to the final
average, some data points contribute
more than others.
n

w x i i
xw i 1
,  wi  1
w i
 Central Tendency
1. Weighted mean:
Example: Grades are often computed as a
weighted average suppose that
homework count 10%, quizzes 20%
and final 70%. If the student x has a
homework 92, a quiz 68 and final 81.
Find the weighted mean.
 Central Tendency
Weighted mean:
n

w x
i 1
i i
xw 
w i

10  92  20  68  70  81 7950
xw    79.5
(10  20  70) 100
 Central Tendency
• Mean from a frequency distribution or
grouped data
• Suppose we have the frequency
distribution table as:
Frequency class midpoint
level (f) (x) f.x

0-99 11 49.5 544.5

100-199 12 149.5 1794

200-299 14 249.5 3493

300-399 1 349.5 349.5

400-499 2 449.5 899

Total 40   7080
 Central Tendency
• Then Mean is

x
 ( f  x) 7080
  177
( f ) 40
 Central Tendency
• Properties of the arithmetic mean
1. Every set of interval level or ratio
level data has a mean.
2. All the values are included in
computing the mean.
3. A set of data has a unique mean.
 Central Tendency
• Properties of the arithmetic mean
4.The mean is affected by unusually large
or small data values (outliers).
5. The arithmetic mean is the only
measure of central tendency where the
sum of the deviations of each value from
the mean is zero.
sum( xi  x )  0
 Central Tendency
• Median
• Definition: The median of a data set is
the measure of center that is the
middle value when the original data
value are arranged in order of
increasing magnitude the median is
often denoted by ~
x
[ pronounced (x tilde).
 Central Tendency
Median of ungrouped data
• To find the median, first sort values from
smallest to largest, the follow one of these
procedures:
• If the number of values is odd, then the
median is the number located in exact
middle of the list.
• If the number of values is even , then the
median is found by computing the mean of
two middle numbers
 Central Tendency
Median of ungrouped data
• Example 1: suppose we have a
measurement: {5.4, 1.1, 0.42, 0.73, 0.48, 1.1,
.66}
• Solution: first arrange the values in order
as {0.42, 0.48, 0.66, 0.73, 1.1, 1.1, 5.4}
• Because the number of values is an odd (7)
, then the median is the value in the exact
middle of sorted list, here is 0.73.
 Central Tendency
Median of ungrouped data
Example 2: suppose we have the observations {7,
4, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, 1}, find the median of this data
set.
– Solution: first we sort the data set ascending
as: {1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 10}
– Because the number of values is an even (8),
then the median is found by computing the
mean of the two middle value of (5,6) as

56
 5.5
2
 Central Tendency
Median of grouped data or in a frequency
distribution table
– In a grouped distribution, the following
steps should be followed:
– Step (1): Form the cumulative frequency
(F) .
– Step (2): find the value of N/2 Where N is
sum of frequency
– Step (3): Find F value the first exceed N/2
which identified the median class M
 Central Tendency
Median of grouped data or in a frequency
distribution table
Step (4): calculate the median using the
following formula
N 
  FM 1 
x  LM   2
~
  CM
 fm 
 
 Central Tendency
Where: LM The lower bound of the median class

FM 1 The cumulative frequency of class immediately prior to the median class.

fm The actual frequency of median class.

CM The median class width

 Central Tendency
Median
Example: 1- Formulate cumulative frequency
Age Frequency Cumulative frequency
20-25 2 2
25-30 14 16
30-35 29 45
35-40 43 88
40-45 33 121
45-50 9 130
Total 130  
 Central Tendency
Median
Step (2): N/2 = 130/2 =65
Step (3): Median class is [35-40]
Step (4): LM  35

FM 1  45
f m  43
CM  5
 Central Tendency
Median

N 
  FM 1 
~ 2  (65  45) 
x  LM     C M  35     5  37.33
 fm   43 
 
 Central Tendency
Median
Properties of the median
1. It can be computed for ratio level, interval
and ordinal level data.
2. There is a unique median for each data
set.
3. It is not affected by extremely large or
small values; therefore it is an available
measure of central tendency when such
values occur.
 Central Tendency
Median
Advantages of median over the mean
1. It may be determined even if the values
of all observations are not known (3, 4, 5
, x1, x2).
2. Extreme values in data set do not
affected on median as strongly as they
do on mean.