STRUCTURE

OF ATOM
RUTHERFORD’s ATOMIC
MODEL
DEVELOPMENTS
LEADING TO
BOHR’s MODEL
 WAVE NATURE OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC
RADIATION
 Properties of electromagnetic radiation

 The oscillating charged particles produce oscillating electric and

magnetic fields which are perpendicular to each other and both
are perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave.
 Electromagnetic waves do not require a medium i.e., they can
travel in a vacuum too.
 There are many kinds of electromagnetic radiation, differing from
one another in terms of wavelength or frequency. This
electromagnetic radiation as a whole constitutes the
electromagnetic spectrum. For example radio frequency region,
microwave region, infrared region, ultraviolet region, visible
region etc.
 The electromagnetic radiation is characterized based on various
properties like frequency, wavelength, time period etc.
ATOMIC SPECTRUM
LINE EMISSION SPECTRUM
OF HYDROGEN
 BOHR’s MODEL OF ATOM
 1)An atom consists of a small, heavy positively charged nucleus in the
centre and electrons revolve around it in circular orbit.
 2)The electrons revolve only in those orbits which have a fixed value of
energy. These orbits are called energy levels or stationary States. The
energy of the electron revolving in a particular orbit is fixed and does not
change with time. The different energy levels are numbered as 1,2,3,4….
or designated as K, L, M, N ,O….. starting from the shells closest to the
nucleus.
 a) The energies of the different stationary states in case of hydrogen atom
are given by the expression

 Where Z is the atomic

number and n stands
for energy level.
 BOHR’s MODEL OF ATOM
 b) The radii of the stationary states of the hydrogen
atom are given by the expression:
 rn = a0 n2
 Where a0= 52.9 pm is the radius of the first stationary
state and is called Bohr’s radius.
 For hydrogen like particles ,the radii of the stationary
state are given by the expression:
 BOHR’s MODEL OF ATOM
 3) Since the electrons revolve only in those orbits which have
fixed value of energy ,hence electrons in an atom can have
only certain definite or discrete values of energy and not any
value of their own. The energy of an electron is quantized.
 4)Like energy, the angular momentum of an electron in an
atom can have certain definite or discrete values and not any
value of its own. The only permissible values of angular
momentum are given by the expression:

 Where m is the mass of the electron, v is the tangential

velocity of the revolving electron, r is the radius of the orbit, h
is the Planck’s Constant and n is any Integer.
 BOHR’s MODEL OF ATOM
 5) When the electrons in an atom are in their lowest energy state, they keep
on revolving in the respective orbits without losing energy because energy
can neither be lost nor gained continuously. This state of atom is
called normal or ground state.

 6)Energy is emitted or absorbed only when the electron jumps from one
orbit to the other. When energy is supplied to an atom ,an electron in the
atom may jump from its normal energy level to some high energy level by
absorbing a definite amount of energy. This state of atom is called excited
state .Since the lifetime of the electron in the excited state is short, it
immediately jumps back to the lower energy level by emitting energy in the
form of light of suitable frequency or wavelength.

 The amount of energy emitted or absorbed is given by the difference of

energies of the two energy levels concerned ie.
 ΔE = E2 – E1
 BOHR’s MODEL OF ATOM
 Electronic energy as negative energy

E n = - 2.18 x 10 -18 (Z2/n2) J

Radius rn = 52.9 n2 /Z pm
here Z is atomic no. , n = orbit no.
 The mass-energy equivalence of Einstein,
E=mc2 …(1)
 From Einstein-Plank relation, we have: E = hν …(2)

 Consequently, we must have: hν = mc2 . Since we

know that ν = c/λ, we have:

 h(c/λ) =  mc2

 λ = h/mc; where ‘c’ is the velocity of light. If we have

a wave of velocity, say ‘v’, we can write: λ = h/mv

 or λ = h/p   …(3)

where ‘p’ is the momentum of the wave-particle! 

It ruled out the existence of any fixed
path or trajectory ( orbit ) for an
electron
 QUANTUM
MECHANICAL
MODEL OF AN
ATOM
Ĥ Ψ = ĚΨ,
Here ,
Ĥ =Hamiltonian
operator
Ě = Energy
operator
QUANTUM NUMBERS
Calculate the values of quantum nos. For
the following orbitals.
 3p
n = 3 , l = 1 , m = -1 to + 1, s = + 1/2
 2s

n = 2 , l = 0 , m = 0 , s = + 1/2
 5f

n = 5 , l = 3 , m = -3 to + 3, s = + 1/2
 4d

n = 4 , l = 2 , m = -2 to + 2, s = + 1/2
 VALUES OF MAGNETIC QUANTUM
NUMBER
 px py pz
m= +1 -1 0
Eg : for 4pz orbital , n = 4 ,l = 1, m = 0, s= + 1/2

 dxy dyz dxz dx2-y2 dz2

m= +2 -1 +1 -2 0
Eg : for 3dxz orbital
n = 3 , l = 2 , m = +1 , s = + 1/2
SHAPES OF
ATOMIC
ORBITALS
SHAPE OF s- ORBITAL
SHAPE OF p - ORBITALS
SHAPES OF d- ORBITALS
 DEGENERACY OF ORBITALS
 Electron orbitals that have the
same energy levels are called
degenerate orbitals.
 For example, p orbitals consist of
three degenerate orbitals that all
have exactly the same energy
level. 
 Madelung's rule or (n+l) rule
 It describes electron configuration and the filling of atomic
orbitals. The rule states:
(1) Energy increases with increasing n + l i.e. Higher the value of
(n+l) ,greater is the energy.
For eg : 3s has lower energy than 4s & hence filled first.
(2) For identical values of (n + l), energy increases with
increasing n i.e. 2p and 3s have same value of (n+l) but since
2p has lower value of n ,it has lower energy and is filled first.
 The following order for filling orbitals results:
 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d,
7p
 Orbital penetration is as follows:
s > p > d >f
 AUFBAU’s PRINCIPLE
 It states that electrons are
filled into atomic orbitals
in the increasing order of
orbital energy level.
According to the
Aufbau’s principle, the
available atomic orbitals
with the lowest energy
levels are occupied
before those with higher
energy levels.
Eg : 2px and 3px have n different,
l same , m same and s same
Eg : electronic configuration of Nitrogen =
1s2 2s 2 2p3 ( half filled orbital)