AUTOMATION

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

AR.ARPITA KANIKA GUPTA
AR.KOPAL KASHISH MRIG
KULDEEP RAGHAV
KUNAL ARORA
4-B
 INTRODUCTION
• Building automation is the automatic centralized
control of a building's HVAC, lighting, Access
Control, Security Systems, and other interrelated
systems through a Building Management System
(BMS) or Building Automation System (BAS).
• The objectives of building automation are:
1. improved occupant comfort
2. efficient operation of building systems
3. reduction in energy consumption
4. reduced operating costs
5. increased security
6. historical performance documentation
7. remote access/control/operation
8. improved life cycle of equipment and related
utilities.
 FUNCTIONS OF BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM
The primary function of building management systems is most often to control the HVAC, heating, and ventilation
systems, but there are other functions as well.
The main components of a building management system and their basic functionalities are as follows:

•Boiler controls—maintain a constant temperature and switch boilers on/off at certain times.
•HVAC—maintain a specified air state with regard to temperature and humidity; control fans and dampers; control air
handling units and fan coil units.
•Lighting control—turn lights on/off according to a specified schedule.
•Electric power control—control and monitor core electrical and mechanical equipment.
•Heating—schedule the system on and off; maintain a set temperature point.
•Ventilation—adjust based on occupancy controls.
•Security and observation—access control; surveillance and intrusion detection.
•Fire alarm system—smoke control system; active alarm locations.
•Elevators—elevator video display; status system.
•Plumbing and water monitoring—detect hydraulic flows; open/close valves automatically; monitor/observe
temperature deviations
FUNCTIONS PERFORMED BY BAS
 COMPONENTS OF BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM
• Sensors:
These devices track temperature, humidity, the number of people in a room, the lighting level and other values. The
sensors transmit this information to centralized controllers.
• Controller:
This component acts as the "brain" of the BAS. It collects data from the sensors and then sends commands to HVAC
units, lighting systems, security alarms and other connected parts.
• Output devices:
Once the controller sends out a command, actuators and relays go into action to follow the requirements. For example,
they can reduce or increase the heating in a particular part of the building, dim lights in unused offices, or turn on the
air conditioning before people come to work.
• Communication protocols:
The BAS uses a specific language that's understood by the system's individual components. BACnet and Modbus are
the most commonly used options.
• Terminal interface:
Users can interact with the BAS through this interface. It presents information so that users can monitor the condition
of the building or choose to override settings manually.
COMPONENTS OF BAS
 ROLE OF CONTROLLERS

For example:
• A sensor detects an increase in temperature in a
company’s board room when the room is known to be
unoccupied.
• The controller will apply logic according to what it knows:
That no one is expected in that room, thus there is no
demand for additional heat, thus there is no need for that
room to warm up.
• It then sends a command to the heating system to reduce
output.
• The actual heating unit for the boardroom in question
receives that command and dials back its heat output.
WORK OF A CONTROLLER IN REGULATING AIR TEMPERATURE
• All of this appears to happen almost instantaneously.
BENEFITS AND DRAWNACKS OF BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM

BENEFITS
• It protects your most costly equipment by allowing you to keep close tabs on it and ensure it functions
properly.
• It simplifies the management of your facility, making it easy to access and control any area of your building’s
operations.
• It helps your building operate more cost-efficiently through automatic scheduling and occupancy controls.
DRAWBACKS
• Building management systems are expensive, sometimes costing hundreds of thousands of dollars at the
outset in addition to high recurring fees to keep it operational.
• The limitations in the data it provides won’t help you achieve maximum energy savings and operational
efficiency.
• It may be missing some of the smaller equipment that also offers opportunities for savings.
• BMSs are disparate, siloed systems that don’t work collaboratively.
 AUTOMATION SENSORS
1. TEMPERATURE SENSORS
• Temperature sensors measure heat to detect changes in
temperature. They’ve been used for years to control things
like heating and air
• For example, many machines used in manufacturing and
computing are sensitive to temperature and have to be
protected from overheating. With smart temperature
sensors, businesses can automate heating, ventilation and
air conditioning controls to maintain ideal conditions and
automatically detect failure or faults as they happen.
• The bacteria can spread in hot and cold water systems and
can thrive if water in any part of the system is between 20
and 45°C.
There are four types of temperature sensor:
• Semiconductor-based sensors:
• Thermocouple
• Resistance Temperature Detector
• Negative Temperature Coefficient Thermistor

LONG RANGE WIRELESS TEMPERATURE HUMIDITY SENSOR

 AUTOMATION SENSORS
2. HUMIDITY SENSORS
Humidity, also known as relative humidity, is defined as the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere. Too much moisture
in the air causes condensation, which can cause some machinery to corrode.
• Humidity sensors maintain ideal conditions and take action straight away if there’s a change.
• In homes and businesses they’re used to control heating, ventilating, and air conditioning systems.
• They’re also used in manufacturing plants, hospitals, museums, greenhouses and weather stations any environment
that’s sensitive to moisture.
There are three common types of humidity sensor:
• Capacitive
This sensor uses water vapor to monitor humidity and when the vapor reaches the electrodes it creates a voltage change.
• Resistive
Less sensitive than capacitive, they operate on a similar basis, using electrical change to measure relative humidity.
However, they use ions in salts to measure this change to resistance on the electrodes.
• Thermal
Two matched thermal sensors conduct electricity based on humidity of the air surrounding them. One is coated in dry
nitrogen, the other measures ambient air with the difference between them measuring the humidity reading.
 AUTOMATION SENSORS
3. MOTION SENSORS
• Motion sensors pick up on physical movement; whether that’s a person,
animal or object in a given area and transform that information into an
electric signal.
• Motion detection has been used in the security industry for years to alert
businesses to intruders.
• They’re found in appliances we use every day, like automatic doors,
toilet flushes and hand dryers.
• And they can also be used to automate building controls like heating
and lighting depending on whether or not a space is occupied – helping
to reduce both energy consumption and running costs.
PIR WORKING
• Lately though, they’ve found a further use helping businesses
understand how rooms and spaces are used. By detecting the presence
of people or objects in real time, occupancy sensors allow organisations
to understand which spaces get the most use, or know which desks or
meeting rooms are available at any one time. In a large organisation,
being able to use space more efficiently can lead huge cost savings.
• Motion or occupancy sensors work by detecting infrared energy or by
sending out ultrasonic waves or radio waves and measuring their
reflection off a moving object.
There are four types of motion detector sensors, which can be used in different ways:
• Motion sensors or passive infra-red (PIR)
These sensors work by detecting heat emitted by people. When a person enters a sensor’s field of view, the sensor detects motion and
tells you someone is present within that space. The sensor continues to monitor the space and can send you regular occupancy updates.
They are unobtrusive, easy to install, low maintenance and a great cost-effective option.
Desk occupancy sensors: These simply stick to the underside of a desk. The PIR sensor has a hood covering half of the sensor, so only
detects motion within a 180-degree radius. Coupled with a narrow-angle lens, this makes it highly accurate, detecting just a person under
a desk, and not people walking behind or to the side of it.
Table occupancy sensors: Similar to desk sensors, these stick to the underside of a table and use a narrow-angle lens. However, the
PIR sensor detects motion within a 360-degree radius, so can detect people sitting around a table. Based on average table height, the
detection range is 0.5m.
Room occupancy sensors: These stick to the ceiling and have a 360-degree field of view and use a wide-angle lens to detect people
within a wider field of view. Based on a typical 2.5m ceiling height and 64-degree detection angle the estimated detection range is 5m.
Cubicle occupancy sensors: As with desk sensors, these detect a 180-degree view, so can be placed on a wall or ceiling of a cubicle to
detect people within that space and avoid those walking past. These are great for toilets or meeting cubicles.
• Time-of-flight sensors
Emit an infrared light beam that reflects off a person and returns back to the sensor. The sensor uses these measurements to determine if
the person is moving towards or away from the sensor, making it an effective entry/exit sensor.
• Infrared array sensors
These sensors allow you to detect moving or motionless objects, temperature distribution, thermal image, and moving direction by
measuring the temperature as a person or object moves nearer or further away from the sensor. As the distance from the sensor
increases, the field of view expands but angular size appears smaller. As the proximity to the sensor narrows, the sensor can detect
accurate temperature and shape.
• People counter and movement sensors
Detect the number of people within a space, exactly where they are within that space, and how they move around.
 AUTOMATION SENSORS
4. GAS/AIR QUALITY SENSORS
• Gas sensors are used to monitor changes to air quality and detect the
presence of various gases. They’re used to monitor air quality, detect
toxic or combustible gases, and monitor hazardous gases in
manufacturing, pharmaceutical, petrochemical and mining industries.
• In today’s well-insulated buildings, rising carbon dioxide levels can
lead to stale, stuffy air and complaints like tiredness and headaches.
It can affect people’s comfort and wellbeing as well as productivity.
And seeing as employers have a responsibility to provide a healthy
working environment, it’s not surprising more businesses are
using environmental monitoring to maintain temperature and air
quality.
• There are three common types of air quality sensor:
• Oxygen: This electrochemical sensor can detect any gas which can
be oxidized or reduced electrochemically.
• Carbon Monoxide: This is also an electrochemical sensor which
operates in a similar way to the oxygen sensor.
• Carbon Dioxide: An infrared detection sensor, this transmits an
infrared beam through a light tube, detecting how much of the beam’s
energy is left and converting to carbon dioxide levels. GAS/ODOURS IN A BUILDING
 AUTOMATION SENSORS
5. Electrical current monitoring sensors
• Electrical current (CT) sensors measure real-time energy consumption at a circuit,
zone or machine level.
• If you can recognize normal operating conditions you can also see when machinery
isn’t functioning. For example, a higher-than-average operating current could tell you
that a motor has been overloaded. This insight means you can schedule
maintenance when it’s actually needed rather than pay for routine inspections. You
can also fix potential problems straight away and keep unplanned downtime to a
minimum.
Types of CT sensors:
• Split core: These can be opened and fitted around a conductor, so are ideal for
existing configurations.
• Hall Effect /DC: These sensors use what’s known as the Hall Effect to measure both
AC and DC current, measuring the changing voltage when a device is placed in a
magnetic field. They can be either open or closed loop. Open loop are compact, low
cost and accurate, closed loop offer fast response and low temperature drift.
• Rogowski coils: Flexible current transformers, these are easy to install. A thin coil
threads around the conductor and is snapped closed.
• Solid core: Best for new installations, these sensors are complete loops with no way CT SENSORS
of opening. They are renowned for their high levels of accuracy.
 AUTOMATION SENSORS
6. Other types of sensor
• Optical sensors measures electromagnetic energy including electricity and light. They’re used in
industries such as healthcare, energy and communications to monitor variables including light, radiation,
electric and magnetic field and temperature.
• Proximity sensors, much like motion sensors, detect the presence of an object and measure how close it
is. One of the most familiar uses is reverse parking sensors in cars.
• Pressure sensors detect pressure and alert the system administrator of any deviation from the standard
pressure range similar to machine monitoring. This is useful in manufacturing as well as in water and
heating systems.
• Water-quality sensors are used in environmental management to measure chemicals, ions, organic
elements, suspended solids and pH levels in water.
• Chemical sensors detect the presence of chemicals in water or air. They’re used to track air and water
quality in cities, to monitor industrial processes and to detect harmful chemicals, explosives and
radioactive materials.
• Smoke sensors detect levels of airborne particulates and gases. While they’ve been around for a while,
the development of IoT means they’re now able to notify users of problems immediately.
 AUTOMATION SENSORS
• Level sensors determine the level of fluids, liquids or other substances in an open or closed system. They’re
mainly used to measure fuel levels, but are also used to measure sea and reservoir levels and in medical
equipment, compressors and hydraulics.
• Image sensors can be found in digital cameras, medical imaging and night vision equipment and biometric
devices. They’re also used in the car industry and play an important role in the development of driverless cars.
• Accelerometer sensors detect vibration, tilting and acceleration in an object. Uses include anti-theft devices,
vehicle fleet monitoring, aircraft and aviation industries and consumer electronics, including smartphones and
pedometers.
• Gyroscope sensors are used together with accelerometers and measure angular velocity, defined as a
measurement of speed of rotation around an axis. Their main applications include car navigation systems,
game controllers, robotics and consumer electronics.
 ACOUSTICS
What is acoustic?
• Acoustic is the science of sound which deals with the properties of sound waves.
• Some of the important applications in the field of engineering are electro-acoustics,design of acoustical instruments
and architectural acoustics.
Acoustics and Sound Insulation
Acoustics can be achieved by considering two aspects:
• proper control and remedy of the acoustical defects in buildings
• sound insulation
Behavior of Sound
• Sound originated from any source either as a speech or music, it is transmitted from the source in all directions.
• Sound travels till it strikes on some surface from where, a part of it is reflected back, a part being absorbed, or
transmitted.
ACOUSTICAL DEFECT
• Echo is an indirect or a reflected voice which is heard just after
the direct hearing of the voice coming from the same sound
source.
• Echo forms when time lag between the two voices or sound is
about 1/17th of a sound and the reflecting surfaces are situated
at a distance greater than 15m.
SOUND PATH IN A ROOM
• Remedy of this defect is to select the proper shape of the
auditorium and surfaces and to use the rough and porous
material for interior surface.
REVERBERATION
• Prolongation of sound after the source producing it has died
out.
ACOUSTICAL CORRECTION
• Addition of absorption units, to make up the deficiency of
actual absorption available for a hall or room in order to obtain
optimum reverberation time or conditions.
PROBLEM OF ECHO IN A ROOM
 MULTI-ROOM SYSTEM

What is a multi-room system?

• Multi-room means adding one or more wireless speakers or wireless devices to your home.
• These then communicate with each other and can be controlled via an app on your phone, tablet or computer. And
now even by one’s voice.
• One can then create different rooms of music and either play the same track in unison, or play different music in
different rooms.
Components of a multi-room system
Multi-room ranges include
• Wireless speakers
• Smart speakers
• Soundbars
• AV receivers
• Stereo amplifiers
• Network streamers.
 WORKING OF A MULTI-ROOM SYSTEM
• A multi-room system can comprise a series of speakers, whether they be conventional wireless speakers, a soundbar
or sound base, or even some other AV equipment. You can also add a link system to a current hi-fi setup with passive
speakers, to turn it into a modern day musical marvel. 
• Different systems adopt different platforms and these platforms not only determine user experience and how each
multi-room system works, but they also dictate which speakers and systems work together and which don't. 
• Sonos uses a closed mesh network for example, which initially connects to your home Wi-Fi, but then creates its own
network, so you're not using your own Wi-Fi when using it. Other companies such as Bose and Denon use their own
mesh networks too, but also add Bluetooth into the mix, making them more versatile. 

• The master speaker connects to your smartphone, tablet or

computer via Bluetooth. The master speaker receives the
music sent from your device and then streams the music to
the satellite speakers.
• The satellite speakers are connected wirelessly to the master
speaker. You simply need to connect the satellite speakers to
the AC plug and they will automatically connect to the
master.
 ADVANTAGES OF MULTI-ROOM SYSTEM
• Home automation has actually brought a transformation in the living style of the people.  It has made everything very simple 
and hassle free. And one of the smartest as well the  most entertaining advantage of the home automation is the creation of 
Multi­room Audio  video system. 
• The name itself makes it understood that the multiroom audio video simply means  having audio and video sources available 
throughout the home. In short a multiroom  audio video is a whole house audio video system. Some of the advantages of the
audio video system are as follows
Centralized
• The biggest advantage of a multiroom audio video is, this system is installed at one place  that is close to the media and from 
their only all the televisions, sound systems, DVD  players etc. that are present in the whole house can be controlled.  This
system thus allows the convenience of playing and controlling the different systems 
in different rooms of the house by sitting in one place only. By using the Universal 
remotes the DVD players, CD players, television, radio systems etc, can be controlled from  one room. With a multi­
room audio video sound in different zones of the home can also  be controlled
Liberty
• By installing a multiroom audio video different people can listen to different things in  their different rooms. One can see a
movie in one room; listen jazz in kitchen or classical 
music in the den, all can be done with this one system. The same featurescan be  experiences with the videos. 
This allows the benefit of streaming multiple CD's and at the same time removes the 
hassle of visiting a remote cupboard when changing music or videos.
 HOME CINEMA MULTIMEDIA
• Home cinema, also called home theaters or theater rooms,
are home entertainment audio-visual systems that seek to
reproduce a movie theater experience and mood
using consumer electronics-grade video and audio equipment
that is set up in a room of a private home.
• A home theater is a theater built in a home, designed to mimic
commercial theater performance and feeling, more commonly
known as a home cinema. Today, home cinema implies a real
“cinema experience” at a private home.
• A home cinema system typically uses a large projected image
from a video projector or a large flat-screen high-
resolution HDTV system, a movie or other video content on
a DVD or high-resolution Blu-ray disc, which is played on a
DVD player or Blu-ray player, with the audio augmented with
a multi-channel power amplifier and anywhere from two
speakers and a stereo power to a 5.1 channel amplifier and
five or more surround sound speaker cabinets.
 COMPONENYS AND WORKING
A typical home cinema includes the following components:

1. Movie or other viewing content: As the name implies, one of the key reasons for setting up a home cinema is to
watch movies on a large screen, which does a more effective job at reproducing filmed images of vast landscapes
or epic battle sequences. As of 2016, home cinema enthusiasts using "Smart" Blu-ray players may also watch
DVDs of TV shows, and recorded or live sports events or music concerts. As well, with a "Smart" player, a user may
be able to "stream" movies, TV shows and other content over the Internet. Many 2016-era DVD players and Blu-ray
players also have inputs which allow users to view digital photos and other content on the big screen.
2. Video and audio input devices: One or more video/audio sources. High resolution movie media formats such as
Blu-ray discs are normally preferred, though DVD or video game console systems are also used. Some home
theaters include a HTPC (Home Theater PC) with a media center software application to act as the main library for
video and music content using a 10-foot user interface and remote control. In 2016, some of the more-
expensive Blu-ray players can "stream" movies and TV shows over the Internet.
3. Audio and video processing devices: Input signals are processed by either a standalone AV receiver or
a preamplifier and Sound Processor for complex surround sound formats such as Dolby Pro-Logic/and or Pro-logic
II, X, and Z, Dolby Digital, DTS, Dolby Digital EX, DTS-ES, Dolby Digital Plus, Dolby TrueHD, DTS-HD Master
Audio, Dolby Atmos and DTS X. The user selects the input (e.g., DVD, Blu-ray player, streaming video, etc.) at this
point before it is forwarded to the output stage. Some AV receivers enable the viewer to use a remote control to
select which input device or source to use.
4. Audio output: Systems consist of preamplifiers, power amplifiers (both of which may be integrated into a single AV
receiver) and two or more loudspeakers mounted in speaker enclosures. The audio system requires at least a
stereo power amplifier and two speakers, for stereo sound; most systems have multi-channel surround sound
power amplifier and six or more speakers (a 5.1 surround sound system has left and right front speakers, a centre
speaker, left and right rear speakers and a low-frequency subwoofer speaker enclosure). Some users have 7.1
Surround Sound. It is possible to have up to 11 speakers with additional subwoofers.
5. Video output: A large-screen display, typically an HDTV. Some users may have a 3D TV. As of 2015, flatscreen
HDTVs are the norm. Options include Liquid crystal display television (LCD), plasma TV, and OLED.[2] Home
cinema users may also use a video projector and a movie screen. If a projector is used, a portable, temporary
screen may be used,a screen may be permanently mounted or the image maybe projected directly on a wall.
6. Seating and atmosphere: Comfortable seating is often provided to improve the cinema feel. Higher-end home
theaters commonly also have sound insulation to prevent noise from escaping the room and specialized wall
treatment to balance the sound within the room. Some luxury home cinemas have movie theatre-style padded
chairs for guests.
 EQUIPMENT STANDARDS
Noise Criteria (NC) are noise-level guidelines applicable to cinema and home cinema. For this application, it is a
measure of a room's ambient noise level at various frequencies. For example, in order for a theater to be THX certified,
it must have an ambient sound level of NC-30 or less. This helps to retain the dynamic range of the system. Some NC
levels are:
• NC 40: Significant but not a dooming level of ambient noise; the highest "acceptable" ambient noise level. 40
decibels is the lower sound pressure level of normal talking; 60 being the highest.
• NC 30: A good NC level; necessary for THX certification in cinemas.
• NC 20: An excellent NC level; difficult to attain in large rooms and sought after for dedicated home cinema systems.
For example, for a home cinema to be THX certified, it has to have a rating of NC 22.
• NC 10: Virtually impossible noise criteria to attain; 10 decibels is associated with the sound level of calm breathing.
Projectors used for home cinemas have a set of recommended criteria:
• Brightness, usually at least 1800 lumens.
• Resolution, usually at least 1920×1080, one of the HDTV standards.
• Contrast, usually a minimum of 5000:1.
• HDMI connection sockets
• Good quality manufacturers, although this is a subjective element which depends upon user tastes and budget. For
one user with a modest budget, "good quality" may mean a mainstream consumer electronics brand; for a well-to-do
user, a Christie projector may be their interpretation of "good quality"