Physics 111: Mechanics

Lecture 3

Dale Gary
NJIT Physics Department
 Motion in Two Dimensions
 Reminder of vectors and vector algebra
 Displacement and position in 2-D
 Average and instantaneous velocity in 2-D
 Average and instantaneous acceleration in 2-D
 Projectile motion
 Uniform circular motion
 Relative velocity*

February 5-8, 2013

 Vector and its components
 The components are the   
legs of the right triangle A  Ax  Ay
whose hypotenuse is A
 Ax  A cos( )  Ay 
 A  A2  A2 and 1
  tan  
 Ay  A sin(x ) y  Ax 

 A   A 2  A 2
 x y

 Or,
Ay A
1  y 
tan    or   tan  
 Ax  Ax 

February 5-8, 2013

 Vector Algebra
  
 Which diagram can represent r  r2  r1 ?
 
A) 
r B) 
r
r1 r1 
   r1
r2 r2

 
C) 
r D)  r
r1 r1
 
r2 r2

February 5-8, 2013

 Motion in two dimensions
 Kinematic variables in one dimension
 Position: x(t) m
 Velocity: v(t) m/s
x
 Acceleration: a(t) m/s2

 Kinematic variables in three dimensions y


 Position: r (t )  xiˆ  yˆj  zkˆ
m 
v (t )  vx iˆ  v y ˆj  v z kˆ
 Velocity: 
a (t )  a x iˆ  a y ˆj  a z km/s
ˆ j
i
 Acceleration: m/s2 x
k
 All are vectors: have direction and z
magnitudes
February 5-8, 2013
 Position and Displacement
 In one dimension
x  x2 (t 2 )  x1 (t1 )
x1 (t1) = - 3.0 m, x2 (t2) = + 1.0 m
  
Δx = +1.0 m + 3.0 m = +4.0 m r  r2  r1

 In two dimensions
 Position: the position of an object is

described by its position vector r (t )
--always points to particle from origin.
  
 Displacement: r  r  r
2 1

r  ( x2iˆ  y2 ˆj )  ( x1iˆ  y1 ˆj )
 ( x2  x1 )iˆ  ( y2  y1 ) ˆj
 xiˆ  yˆj
February 5-8, 2013
 Average & Instantaneous Velocity

 Average velocity   r
vavg 
t
 x ˆ y ˆ
vavg  i j  vavg , x iˆ  vavg , y ˆj
t t
 Instantaneous velocity
 
  r dr
v  lim vavg  lim 
t 0 t  0 t dt

 dr dx ˆ dy ˆ
v  i j  v xiˆ  v y ˆj
dt dt dt

 v is tangent to the path in x-y

graph;
February 5-8, 2013
 Motion of a Turtle

A turtle starts at the origin and moves with the speed of v0=10 cm/s in
the direction of 25° to the horizontal.
(a) Find the coordinates of a turtle 10 seconds later.
(b) How far did the turtle walk in 10 seconds?

February 5-8, 2013

 Motion of a Turtle
Notice, you can solve the
equations independently for the
horizontal (x) and vertical (y)
components of motion and then
combine them!
  
v0  v x  v y
 X components:
v0 x  v0 cos 25  9.06 cm/s x  v0 xt  90.6 cm
 Y components:
v0 y  v0 sin 25  4.23 cm/s y  v0 y t  42.3 cm
 Distance from the origin:
d  x 2  y 2  100.0 cm
February 5-8, 2013
Average & Instantaneous Acceleration

 Average acceleration  v
aavg 
t
 v v y
aavg  x iˆ  ˆj  aavg , x iˆ  aavg , y ˆj
t t

 Instantaneous acceleration
  
  v dv  dv dvx ˆ dv y ˆ
a  lim aavg  lim  a  i j  a x iˆ  a y ˆj
t 0 t  0 t dt dt dt dt

 The magnitude of the velocity (the speed) can change

 The direction of the velocity can change, even though the
magnitude is constant
 Both the magnitude and the direction can change
February 5-8, 2013
 Summary in two dimension

 Position r (t )  xiˆ  yˆj

 r x ˆ y ˆ
 Average velocity vavg   i j  vavg , x iˆ  vavg , y ˆj
t t t
dx dy
 Instantaneous velocity v x  v y 
dt dt
 
 r dr dx ˆ dy ˆ
v (t )  lim   i j  v xiˆ  v y ˆj
t 0 t dt dt dt
dv x d 2 x dv y
d2y
 Acceleration ax   2 ay   2
dt dt dt dt
 
 v dv dv x ˆ dv y ˆ
a (t )  lim   i j  a xiˆ  a y ˆj
t 0 t dt dt dt
  
 r (t), v (t ), and a (t ) are not necessarily same direction.

February 5-8, 2013

 Motion in two dimensions
 Motions in each dimension are independent components
 Constant acceleration equations
      12
v  v0  at r  r  v0t  2 at
 Constant acceleration equations hold in each dimension
v x  v0 x  a xt v y  v0 y  a y t
x  x0  v0 x t  12 a x t 2 y  y0  v0 y t  12 a y t 2
2 2
v x  v0 x  2a x ( x  x0 ) 2 2
v y  v0 y  2a y ( y  y0 )
 t = 0 beginning of the process;

 a  a x iˆ  a y ˆj where ax and ay are constant;
 
 Initial velocity 0 v  v 0x
ˆ
i  v 0y
ˆ
j initial displacement 0  x0iˆ  y0 ˆj;
r
February 5-8, 2013
 Hints for solving problems
 Define coordinate system. Make sketch showing axes,
origin.
 List known quantities. Find v0x , v0y , ax , ay , etc. Show initial
conditions on sketch.
 List equations of motion to see which ones to use.
 Time t is the same for x and y directions.
x0 = x(t = 0), y0 = y(t = 0), v0x = vx(t = 0), v0y = vy(t = 0).
 Have an axis point along the direction
v of va if 
it is
a constant.
t
v x  v0 x  a xt y 0y y

x  x0  v0 x t  12 a x t 2 y  y0  v0 y t  12 a y t 2
2 2
v x  v0 x  2a x ( x  x0 ) 2 2
v y  v0 y  2a y ( y  y0 )

February 5-8, 2013

 Projectile Motion
 2-D problem and define a coordinate
system: x- horizontal, y- vertical (up +)
 Try to pick x0 = 0, y0 = 0 at t = 0
 Horizontal motion + Vertical motion
 Horizontal: ax = 0 , constant velocity motion
 Vertical: ay = -g = -9.8 m/s2, v0y = 0
 Equations:
Horizontal Vertical

v x  v0 x  a x t v y  v0 y  a y t
y f  yi  viy t  12 gt 2
x  x0  v0 x t  12 a x t 2 y  y0  v0 y t  12 a y t 2
2 2
v x  v0 x  2a x ( x  x0 ) v y 2  v0 y 2  2a y ( y  y0 )
February 5-8, 2013
 Projectile Motion
 X and Y motions happen independently, so
we can treat them separately
v x  v0 x v y  v0 y  gt
x  x0  v0 x t y  y0  v0 y t  12 gt 2
Horizontal Vertical

 Try to pick x0 = 0, y0 = 0 at t = 0
 Horizontal motion + Vertical motion
 Horizontal: ax = 0 , constant velocity motion
 Vertical: ay = -g = -9.8 m/s2
 x and y are connected by time t
 y(x) is a parabola
February 5-8, 2013
 Projectile Motion
 2-D problem and define a coordinate
system.
 Horizontal: ax = 0 and vertical: ay = -g.
 Try to pick x0 = 0, y0 = 0 at t = 0.
 Velocity initial conditions:

v0 x  v0 cos  0
v0 can have x, y components.
v0 x  v0 sin  0
 v0x is constant usually.
v0y changes continuously.


Horizontal
 Equations:
Vertical
v x  v0 x v y  v0 y  gt
x  x0  v0 x t y  y0  v0 y t  12 gt 2
February 5-8, 2013
Trajectory of Projectile Motion
 Initial conditions (t = 0): x0 = 0, y0 = 0
v0x = v0 cosθ0 and v0y = v0 sinθ0
 Horizontal motion:
x
x  0  v0 x t  t
v0 x
 Vertical motion:
y  0  v0 y t  12 gt 2
2
 x  g x 
y  v0 y     
 v0 x  2  v0 x 
g 2
y  x tan  0  2
x
2v0 cos 2  0

 Parabola;
 θ0 = 0 and θ0 = 90 ?
February 5-8, 2013
 What is R and h ?
 Initial conditions (t = 0): x0 = 0, y0 = 0
v0x = v0 cosθ0 and v0x = v0 sinθ0, then
x  0  v0 x t 0  0  v0 y t  12 gt 2 h
2v0 y 2v0 sin  0
t 
g g
2
2v cos  0 v0 sin  0 v0 sin 2 0
R  x  x0  v0 x t  0 
g g
2
2 t g  t 
h  y  y0  v0 y t h  12 gt h  v0 y   
2 2 2
2 Horizontal Vertical
v0 sin 2  0
h v y  v0 y  gt
2g v x  v0 x
2v0 y
v y  v0 y  gt  v0 y  g  v0 y x  x0  v0 xt y  y0  v0 y t  12 gt 2
g
February 5-8, 2013
 Projectile Motion
at Various Initial Angles
 Complementary 2
v0 sin 2
values of the initial R
angle result in the g
same range
 The heights will be
different
 The maximum range
occurs at a projection
angle of 45o

February 5-8, 2013

 Uniform circular motion

Constant speed, or, Motion along a circle:

constant magnitude of velocity Changing direction of velocity

February 5-8, 2013

 Circular Motion: Observations
 Object moving along a
curved path with constant
speed
 Magnitude of velocity: same
 Direction of velocity: changing
 Velocity: changing
 Acceleration is NOT zero!
 Net force acting on the
object is NOT zero  
 “Centripetal force” Fnet  ma
February 5-8, 2013
 Uniform Circular Motion
 Centripetal acceleration vi
v r vr Δv = vf - vi
 so, v  vf
v r r vi y B
A
v r v v 2 vf
  Δr
t t r r R
ri rf
v v 2
ar  
t r O
x
 Direction: Centripetal

February 5-8, 2013

 Uniform Circular Motion
 Velocity:  
 Magnitude: constant v
ac  v
 The direction of the velocity is
v2
tangent to the circle ac 
r

 Acceleration: v2
 Magnitude: ac 
r
 directed toward the center of the
circle of motion
 Period:
 time interval required for one
complete revolution of the 2r
particle T
v
February 5-8, 2013
 Summary

 Position r (t )  xiˆ  yˆj

 r x ˆ y ˆ
 Average velocity vavg   i j  vavg , x iˆ  vavg , y ˆj
t t t
dx dy
 Instantaneous velocity v x  v y 
dt dt
 
 r dr dx ˆ dy ˆ
v (t )  lim   i j  v xiˆ  v y ˆj
t 0 t dt dt dt
dv x d 2 x dv y
d2y
 Acceleration ax   2 ay   2
dt dt dt dt
 
 v dv dv x ˆ dv y ˆ
a (t )  lim   i j  a xiˆ  a y ˆj
t 0 t dt dt dt
  
 r (t), v (t ), and a (t ) are not necessarily in the same direction.

February 5-8, 2013

 Summary
 If a particle moves with constant acceleration a, motion
equations are    2
rf  ri  vi t  12 at

rf  x f iˆ  y f ˆj  ( xi  v xi t  12 a xit 2 )iˆ  ( yi  v yi t  12 a yi t 2 ) ˆj
  
v  vi  at

v f (t )  v fx iˆ  v fy ˆj  (vix  a x t )iˆ  (viy  a y t ) ˆj

 Projectile motion is one type of 2-D motion under constant

acceleration, where ax = 0, ay = -g.

February 5-8, 2013