Penggolongan Mikroorganisme 02. Penggolongan Mikroorganisme

02.
PENGGOLONGAN
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME
MIKROORGANISME
VII. THE MAJOR DIVISIONS OF LIFE

A. Domains
1. Woese and collaborators used rRNA studies to group all living
organism into three domains
a. Bacteria-comprise the vast majority of procaryotes; cell walls contain
muramic acid; membrane lipids contain ester-linked straight-chain fatty acids
b. Archaea-procaryotes that: lack muramic acid, have lipids with ether-linked
branched aliphatic chains, lack thymidine in the T arm of tRNA molecules,
have distinctive RNA polymerases, and have ribosomes with a different
composition and shape than those observed in Bacteria
c. Eucarya-have a more complex membrane-delimited organelle structure

A. Domains (lanjutan)
2. Several different phylogenetic trees have been proposed relating the
major domains and some trees do not even support a three-domain
pattern

A. Domains (lanjutan)
3. One of the most important difficulties in constructing a tree is
widespread, frequent horizontal gene transfer; a more correct tree
may resemble a web or network with many lateral branches linking
various trunk
The Three-Domain System
Figure 10.1

B. Kingdoms
1. Whittaker’s five-kingdom system was the first to gain wide
acceptance
a. Animalia-multicellular, nonwalled eucaryotes with ingestive nutrition

b. Plantae-multicellular, walled eucaryotes with photoautotrophic nutrition
c. Fungi-multicellular and unicellular, walled eucaryotes with absorptive nutrition
d. Protista-unicellular eucaryotes with various nutritional mechanisms
e. Monera (Procaryotae)-all procaryotic organisms


B. Kingdoms
2. Many biologists do not accept Whittakerís system, primarily because
it does not distinguish bacteria from archaea
3. A number of alternatives have been suggested, including a six-
kingdom system and a two-empire, eight-kingdom system
VIII. BERGEY’S MANUAL OF SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY

A. The First Edition of Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology-
primarily phenetic
1. Contains 33 sections in four volumes

2. Each section contains bacteria that share a few easily determined
characteristics (e.g., morphology, gram reaction, oxygen relationships) and
bears a title that describes these properties or provides the vernacular names
of the bacteria included
VIII. BERGEY’S MANUAL OF SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY

B. The Second Edition of Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology
1. Largely phylogenetic rather than phenetic

2. Consists of five volumes
Volume 1: The Archaea, Cyanobacteria, Phototrophs and Deeply Branching
Genera
Volume 2: Gram negative proteobacteria (purple bacteria) - complex group
Volume 3: Gram positive bacteria with low G + C content (< 50%)
Volume 4: Gram positive bacteria with high G + C content (> 50-55%)
Volume 5: The Planctomycetes, Spriocheates, Fibrobacteres, Bacteroidetes, and
Fusobacteria-an assortment of deeply branching phylogenetic groups
that are not necessarily related to one another although all are Gram
negative
IX. A Survey of Procaryotic Phylogeny and Diversity

A. Volume 1 (of 2nd edition of Bergey’s Manual): The Archaea, and
Deeply Branching and Phototrophic Genera
1. Archaea-divided into two phyla
a. Crenarchaeota-diverse phylum that contains thermophilic

and hyperthermophilic organisms as well as some
organisms that grow in oceans at low temperatures as
picoplankton
b. Euryarchaeota-contains primarily methanogenic and

halophilic procaryotes and also thermophilic, sulfur-
reducing procaryotes
A. Volume 1 (of 2nd edition of Bergey’s Manual): The Archaea, and
Deeply Branching and Phototrophic Genera
2. Bacteria
a. Aquificae-phylum containing autotrophic bacteria that use hydrogen as an energy source;
most are thermophilic
b. Thermatogae-phylum containing anaerobic, thermophilic fermentative, gram-negative
bacteria; have unusual fatty acids
c. Deinococcus-Thermusî-this phylum includes bacteria with extraordinary resistance to
radiation and thermophilic organisms
d. Chloroflexi-this phylum consists of bacteria often called green nonsulfur bacteria; some
carry out anoxygenic photosynthesis, while others are respiratory, gliding bacteria; have
unusual peptidoglycans and lack lipopolysaccharides in their outer membranes
e. Cyanobacteria-a phylum consisting of oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria
f. Chlorobi-this phylum contains anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria known as the green
sulfur bacteria;
B. Volume 2: The Proteobacteria-devoted to a single phylum called
Proteobacteria, which consists of a diverse array of gram-
negative bacteria
C. A. Volume 3: The Low G+C Gram-Positive Bacteria-devoted to a
single phylum called Firmicutes; all have a G+C content 50%;
with the exception of the mycoplasmas, which lack a cell wall,
they are gram positive; most are heterotrophs; includes genera
that produce endospores
D. Volume 4: The High G+C Gram-Positive Bacteria-describes the
phylum Actinobacteria; have G+C content 50-55%; includes
filamentous bacteria (actinomycetes) and bacteria with unusual
cell walls (mycobacteria)
E. A Survey of Procaryotic Phylogeny and Diversity
E. Volume 5: The Planctomycetes, Spriocheates, Fibrobacteres,
Bacteroidetes, and Fusobacteria-an assortment of deeply
branching phylogenetic groups that are not necessarily related to
one another although all are Gram negative
1. Planctomycetes-this phylum contains bacteria with unusual features, including cell

walls that lack peptidoglycan and cells with a membrane-enclosed nucleoid; divide by
budding and produce appendages called stalks
2. Chlamydiae-this phylum contains obligate-intracellular pathogens having a unique life
cycle; they lack peptidoglycan
3. Spirochaetes-a phylum composed of helically shaped bacteria with unique morphology
and motility
4. Bacteroides-this phylum contains a number of ecologically significant bacteria
X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA
A. ARCHAEA
1. PENDAHULUAN
The archaea are quite diverse, both in morphology and physiology
a. They may stain gram positive or gram negative
b. They may be spherical, rod-shaped, spiral, lobed, plate-shaped, irregularly shaped or
pleomorphic
c. They may exist as single cells, aggregates or filaments
d. They may multiply by binary fission, budding, fragmentation, or other mechanisms
e. They may be aerobic, facultatively anaerobic, or strictly anaerobic
f. Nutritionally, they range from chemilithoautotrophs to organotrophs
g. Some are mesophiles, while others are hyperthermophiles that can grow above 100°C
h. They are often found in extreme aquatic and terrestrial habitats; recently, archaea have been
found in cold environments and may constitute up to 34% of the procaryotic biomass in
Antarctic surface waters; a few are symbionts in animal digestive systems
A. ARCHAEA
Many are extremely thermophilic, acidophilic, and sulfur-dependent
1) Sulfur may be used as an electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration, or as an electron
source by lithotrophs
2) Almost all are strict anaerobes
3) They grow in geothermally heated water or soils (solfatara) that contain elemental sulfur
(sulfur-rich hot springs, waters surrounding submarine volcanic activity); some (e.g.,
Pyrodictum spp.) can grow quite well above the boiling point of water (optimum ± 105oC)
4) Some are organotrophic; others are lithotrophic
5) There are 69 genera; two of the better-studied genera are Sulfolobus and Thermoproteus
A. ARCHAEA
2. Archaeal Taxonomy-the new edition of Bergey’s Manual will divide the
archaea into two phyla:
b. Phylum: Crenarchaeota
1) The Methanogens
2) The Halobacteria
3) The Thermoplasms
4) Extremely thermophilic S0 metabolizers
5) Sulfate-reducing archaea
B. BAKTERIA
 Most widely accepted taxonomic classification

for bacteria is Bergey’s Manual of Systematic
Bacteriology.
 5000 bacterial species identified, 3100
classified.
 Bacteria are divided into four divisions (phyla)
according to the characteristics of their cell
walls.
B. BAKTERIA
 Each division is divided into sections according to:
– Gram stain reaction
– Cell shape
– Cell arrangements
– Oxygen requirements
– Motility
– Nutritional and metabolic properties
 Each section contains several genera.
B. BAKTERIA
BEBERAPA KELOMPOK ANGGOTA BAKTERIA:
1. Gram-Negative Bacteria (Divisi I)

2. Gram-Positive Bacteria (Divisi II)
3. Wall-Less Bacteria (Divisi III)
X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA B. BAKTERIA
a. Spirochetes
– Helical shape. Flexible.
– Contain two or more axial filaments (endoflagella).
– Move in corkscrew pattern.
– Medically important members:
 Treponema pallidum: Syphilis
 Borrelia spp.: Lyme disease, relapsing fever
 Leptospira: Leptospirosis
Treponema pallidum Borrelia Burgdorferi Leptospira spp.

1. Gram-Negative Bacteria (Divisi I)-lanjutan
b. Aerobic, Motile, Helical/Vibroid Gram-Negative Bacteria
 Rigid helical shape or curved rods
 Lack axial filaments (endoflagella); have polar flagella
instead.
 Most are harmless aquatic organisms.
 Genus Azospirillum fixes nitrogen in soil.
 Genus Bdellovibrio attacks other bacteria.
 Important pathogens include:
–Campylobacter jejuni: Most common bacterial food-
borne intestinal disease in the United States (2 million
cases/year). Associated with undercooked chicken.
–Helicobacter pylori: Causes most gastric ulcers in
humans.
–Campylobacter fetus: Abortions in domestic animals.
c. Gram-Negative Aerobic Rods and Cocci
Contains many medically significant groups (Genera).
 Pseudomonas: Rods with polar flagella. Many secrete pigments in
media.
– Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Urinary tract infections (UTIs),
septicemia, abcesses, burns, pulmonary infections in cystic
fibrosis patients, and meningitis.
 Legionella: Rods that live in natural waters. Frequently found in air
conditioning systems, humidifiers, showers, spas, and fountains.
– Legionella pneumophila: Legionnaires’ disease (pneumonia,
1976) and Pontiac fever.
 Neisseria: Diplococci. Frequently found on human mucous
membranes. Only grow well around body temperature.
– Neisseria gonorrhea: Gonorrhea.
– Neisseria meningitidis: Meningitis.
 Genus Moraxella: Aerobic egg-shaped cocco-bacilli.
Moraxella lacunata: Conjunctivitis.
 Genus Brucella: Small nonmotile coccobacilli.
All species are obligate parasites of mammals.
Cause brucellosis. Can survive phagocytosis.
 Genus Bordetella: Nonmotile rods. Virulent forms have
capsules.
Bordetella pertussis: Whooping cough (P in DPT
vaccine).
 Genus Francisella: Small pleomorphic bacteria.
Francisella tularensis: Tularemia
 Genera Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium: Form nodules on
legume roots and fix nitrogen in soil.
d. Facultative Anaerobic Gram-Negative Rods
Many cause diseases of gastrointestinal tract;
Contains three medically significant families.
1) Family Enterobacteriaceae (Enterics)
 Inhabit intestinal tracts of animals.
 Motile bacteria with peritrichous flagella or nonmotile.
 Many have fimbriae for attachment to mucous membranes and sex pili for
exchange of DNA (antibiotic resistance genes)

 Most ferment glucose and other sugars.
 Genus Escherichia: E. coli is common inhabitant of human intestinal

tract. Most strains are not pathogenic, but others can cause UTIs
(urinary tract infections), traveler’s diarrhea, and food-borne disease.
1) Family Enterobacteriaceae (Enterics) Lanjutan
 Genus Salmonella: Almost all members are potential pathogens. Common
inhabitants of animal GI tract. Can contaminate food (eggs, meat).
 Salmonella typhi: Typhoid fever, severe illness.
 S. enteritidis: Causes salmonellosis, the second most common bacterial food-
borne disease. Over 1.3 million cases/year in the U.S.
 Genus Shigella: Only found in humans. Second most common cause of
traveler’s diarrhea.
 Genus Klebsiella: Cause respiratory and UTIs.
 Klebsiella pneumoniae: Antibiotic resistant strains cause pneumonia and
nosocomial infections.
 Genus Serratia: Opportunistic respiratory and urinary tract infections.
 Serratia marcescens: Produces a red pigment. Important cause of nosocomial
infections.
1) Family Enterobacteriaceae (Enterics) Lanjutan
 Genus Proteus: Actively motile. Cause UTIs, wound infections, and
infant diarrhea (nosocomial).

 Genus Yersinia:
 Yersinia pestis: Causes bubonic plague (black death). Transmitted by

fleas, respiratory droplet, and contact with animals.
 Genus Erwinia: Important plant pathogens.
 Genus Enterobacter: Cause UTIs and nosocomial infections..
2) Family Vibrionaceae
Found in aquatic habitats.
Straight or slightly curved rods
 Genus Vibrio: Slightly curved rods.
 Vibrio cholerae: Cholera, profuse & watery diarrhea.
 Vibrio parahaemolyticus: Gastroenteritis. Shellfish.
3) Family Pasterellaceae
Found in aquatic habitats; Straight or slightly curved rods
 Genus Pasteurella: Pathogens of domestic animals.
 Genus Hemophilus: Important pathogens that inhabit
mucous membranes of upper respiratory tract, mouth, vagina,
and intestinal tract. Require blood in culture.
 Hemophilus influenzae: Causes meningitis, ear infections,
bronchitis, arthritis, and pneumonia in children.
 H. ducreyi: Cause of sexually transmitted chancroid.
 Genus Gardnerella: Not assigned to any family.
 G. vaginalis causes common form of vaginitis.
e. Anaerobic Gram-Negative Rods
May be straight, helical, or curved.
– Genus Bacteroides: Nonmotile. Live in human
intestinal tract (1 billion/gram of feces) and gum
crevices. Cause peritonitis, abscesses, and deep
tissue infections.
– Genus Fusobacterium: Long slender rods with
pointed tips. Found in gingival crevices, cause
dental abscesses.
f. Sulfur-Reducing Bacteria
 Obligate anaerobes that release H2S into the atmosphere.
 Found in soil and intestinal tract of animals.
 Ecologically important.
g. Anaerobic Gram-Negative Cocci
Nonmotile cocci typically found in pairs.
Genus Veillonella: Cause dental plaque
h. Rickettsias and Chlamydias
Gram negative bacteria; Obligate intracellular parasites.
Rickettsias: Rod shaped bacteria or coccobacilli, highly pleomorphic. Transmitted to humans by
insects and ticks (except for Coxiella burnetti which causes Q fever).
Genus Ehrlichiae: Live in white blood cells.
Genus Rickettsia: Cause spotted group fevers (Rocky mountain spotted fever,
endemic typhus).
Chlamydias: Cocci shaped bacteria. Transmitted to humans by interpersonal contact or by airborne
respiratory routes.
Unique life cycle: Form a reticulate and elementary bodies in infected cells.
Three species:
– Chlamydia trachomatis: Causes blindness in humans and nongonococcal
urethritis (most common STD in U.S.).
– C. psittaci: Parrot fever.
– C. pneumoniae: Mild pneumonia.
B. BAKTERIA

a. Gram-Positive Cocci
 Non-spore forming cocci.
 Aerobic to strictly anaerobic.
 Pyogenic (pus-forming)
– Genus Staphylococcus: Tend to form grape-like clusters. Grow well under high
osmotic pressure and low moisture.
Very common infections, because almost always found on skin and in nasal mucous
membranes.
 Staphylococcus aureus: (aureus = golden) Yellow pigmented colonies.
Produce several toxins. Cause pimples, sties, skin abscesses, toxic shock
syndrome, food poisoning, and nosocomial infections.
Antibiotic resistance is big problem.
Vancomycin is last line of defense against antibiotic resistant strains.
a. Gram-Positive Cocci (lanjutan)
 Genus Streptococcus:
Most are pathogens. Tend to appear in chains or pairs. Do not use oxygen,
but most are aerotolerant. Classified based on their effect on red blood cells
(hemolysis).
 Cause a wide range of diseases: Strep throat, respiratory infections,
abscesses, puerperal fever, and opportunistic infections.
 A flesh eating Streptococcus strain emerged in 1994 and 1998. After initial
infection, bacteria live on dead flesh, produce toxins, and are not treatable by
antibiotics.
– Streptococcus pneumoniae: Bacterial pneumonia, ear infections, meningitis, and
sinus infections.
– Streptococcus pyogenes: Strep throat, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, impetigo, skin
infections, erysipelas, puerperal fever, glomerulonephritis.
b. Endospore-Forming Gram-Positive Rods and Cocci
Aerobic to strictly anaerobic; Motile and nonmotile; Survive harsh environmental
conditions.
 Genus Bacillus: Rod shaped bacteria.
 Bacillus anthracis: Causes anthrax a disease of cattle. Large (4-8 um) nonmotile
facultative anaerobe.
 Bacillus thuringiensis: Kills insects, used by gardeners.
 Genus Clostridium: Rod shaped bacteria, obligate anaerobes.
 Clostridium tetani: Causes tetanus (T in DPT vaccine).
 Clostridium botulinum: Causes botulism.
 Clostridium perfringens: Causes gas gangrene and foodborne diarrhea.
b. Endospore-Forming Gram-Positive Rods and Cocci
Aerobic to strictly anaerobic; Motile and nonmotile; Survive harsh environmental
conditions.
 Genus Bacillus: Rod shaped bacteria.
 Bacillus anthracis: Causes anthrax a disease of cattle. Large (4-8 um) nonmotile
facultative anaerobe.
 Bacillus thuringiensis: Kills insects, used by gardeners.
 Genus Clostridium: Rod shaped bacteria, obligate anaerobes.
 Clostridium tetani: Causes tetanus (T in DPT vaccine).
 Clostridium botulinum: Causes botulism.
 Clostridium perfringens: Causes gas gangrene and foodborne diarrhea.
d. Irregular Nonsporing Gram-Positive Rods
Club shaped (Corynebacteria); Pleomorphic; May be anaerobic or aerobic.
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Important pathogens; Cause diphtheria (D in DPT vaccine);
Propionibacterium acnes: Causes acne.
e. Mycobacteria
 Aerobic, non-spore-forming rods.
 Stain Gram-positive, but cell wall structure is more similar to Gram-negative
bacteria.
 Waxy cell wall with mycolic acids (instead of peptidoglycan).
 Acid-fast, drug resistant, resistant to drying, and pathogenic due to waxy cell
wall.
 Grow very slowly.
 Tend to cause chronic infections.
 Important pathogens:
 Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Causes tuberculosis.
 Mycobacterium leprae: Causes leprosy
f. Nocardioforms
 Gram-positive, filamentous, aerobic.
 Many are acid fast.
 Common in soil.
 Genus Nocardia: Form filaments which fragment into short rods to
reproduce.
 Nocardia asteroides: Pulmonary infections, mycetoma, abscesses
g. Actinomycetes
 Gram-positive, filamentous, resemble molds.
 Common in soil.
 Genus Streptomyces:
 Live in soil.
 Give soil its musty odor.
 Produce hundreds of antibiotics
B. BAKTERIA

 Mycoplasmas
 Do not form cell walls.
 Most are aerobes or facultative anaerobes.
 Highly pleomorphic.
 Can produce filaments that resemble fungi.
 Produce very small colonies (1 nm in diameter).
 Very small cells: 0.1 to 0.25 mm in diameter.
 Can pass through bacterial filters.
 Most important human pathogen:
Mycoplasma pneumoniae: Walking pneumonia.

Penggolongan Mikroorganisme 02. Penggolongan Mikroorganisme

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Penggolongan Mikroorganisme 02. Penggolongan Mikroorganisme

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

02.

VII. THE MAJOR DIVISIONS OF LIFE

VII. THE MAJOR DIVISIONS OF LIFE

VII. THE MAJOR DIVISIONS OF LIFE

VII. THE MAJOR DIVISIONS OF LIFE

a. Animalia-multicellular, nonwalled eucaryotes with ingestive nutrition

VII. THE MAJOR DIVISIONS OF LIFE

VII. THE MAJOR DIVISIONS OF LIFE

VIII. BERGEY’S MANUAL OF SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY

1. Contains 33 sections in four volumes

VIII. BERGEY’S MANUAL OF SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY

1. Largely phylogenetic rather than phenetic

IX. A Survey of Procaryotic Phylogeny and Diversity

a. Crenarchaeota-diverse phylum that contains thermophilic

b. Euryarchaeota-contains primarily methanogenic and

1. Planctomycetes-this phylum contains bacteria with unusual features, including cell

 Most widely accepted taxonomic classification

BEBERAPA KELOMPOK ANGGOTA BAKTERIA:

1. Gram-Negative Bacteria (Divisi I)

 Borrelia spp.: Lyme disease, relapsing fever

Treponema pallidum Borrelia Burgdorferi Leptospira spp.

 Motile bacteria with peritrichous flagella or nonmotile.

exchange of DNA (antibiotic resistance genes)

 Genus Escherichia: E. coli is common inhabitant of human intestinal

infant diarrhea (nosocomial).

 Yersinia pestis: Causes bubonic plague (black death). Transmitted by

BEBERAPA KELOMPOK ANGGOTA BAKTERIA:

1. Gram-Negative Bacteria (Divisi I)

BEBERAPA KELOMPOK ANGGOTA BAKTERIA:

1. Gram-Negative Bacteria (Divisi I)

You might also like