Gyro Compass Theory and Numerical For Phase II (Autosaved)

ATA
LK
KO
E
Subject :Navigational Aids including Compasses
I T
, SE
( Topics:- GYRO COMPASS)
a s
COURSE -PHASE i sw 2
C . B
. P.
a pt
y C
d b
p ile
Co m
Prepared By Capt. P.C. Biswas
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A S,
B I SW
P.C.
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ATA
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S EI ET
A S,
B I SW
P.C.
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Any mass that rotates can be called Gyroscope or Gyro.
ATA
OL K
Example of Gyro: Spinning Top, Spinning Cricket Ball, the Earth and the Moon
ET K
etc.
S EI
S,
The function of Gyrocompass equipment is to provide an accurate non
A
SW
magnetic directional reference with respect to true geographic north. This
B I
.
directional reference is necessary for accurate navigation as well for other
C
. P.
equipments fitted in modern ships such as Autopilot,Radar ,ECDIS etc.
T
CA P
A free Gyroscope is a Gyro whose axis of rotation can take up any direction in
BY
space. This will only be possible if the spin axis has freedom to turn freely
I LED
about two other mutually perpendicular axes which are also perpendicular
MP
to the spin axis. This axes may be the x-axis, y-axis and z-axis as in Cartesian
COcoordinates. In regard to the Gyroscope of a Gyrocompass, the axis referred
to the spin axis the horizontal axis and the vertical axis,the spin axis being
perpendicular to both the horizontal axis and the vertical axis.
Prepared By Capt. P.C.BIswas

Gyrocompass
ATA
The whole system is balanced so that the centre of gravity is at the point
of intersection of the three axes.
OL K
ET K
S EI
The following properties of Gyroscope play an important role in the
operation of Gyrocompass.
A S,
Properties of a free Gyroscope:
B I SW
C.
P.
1. Gyroscopic Inertia or Rigidity in space
2. Precession PT.
BY CA
1. Gyroscopic Inertia: Free Gyroscopes have the property of maintaining
LED
their spin axis in a fixed direction in space. This means that the axis of a
I
MP
free gyro will point, and continue to point, to a fixed point at infinite
COdistance in space. If there a star in the direction where the spin axis
point, then the spin axis will continue to point to that star as long as the
free gyro is spinning freely.

Gyrocompass
Conversely, the spin axis can be imagined as pointing ATA
O L K
to an imaginary star in the celestial sphereTatKinfinite
S
distance from the free gyro in the direction EIE of the
A S,
spin axis.
B I SW
. .
Creferred to as the Gyro Star.
Such an imaginary star
T . P is
C
This propertyY of P
Athe spin axis to point a fixed
D Bspace is also referred to as “Rigidity in
I LE
direction in
P This property depends on the ‘Angular
M
Space”.
COMomentum’of the Gyro.

GYROCOMPASS
Greater the Angular Momentum, greater the GyroscopicATA
OL K
Inertia.
ET K
Gyroscopic Inertia directly varies as Angular S I
E momentum
A S ,
(H).
B I SW
Angular Momentum = Angular . C . Velocity x Moment of
T. P
Inertia (about theAspin
C P axis )
H=ωxID B Y
------(i) Where I = Moment of Inertia
P I LE ω= Angular Velocity
M
COI = Mass x ( Radius of Gyration)2
I = M x Rg2 -----(ii)

GYRO COMPASS
• In the equation (i) & (ii)
ATA
• OL K
H = Angular momentum
ET K
• ω= Angular velocity
S EI
• I = Moment of Inertia
A S,
• M = Mass of the gyro
B I SW
C.
• Rg = Radius of gyration
T . P.
•
C A P
From equation (i), it follows that,
BY velocity of the gyro, greater the gyroscopic inertia.
•
L E D
Greater the Angular
Ithe Moment of Inertia of the Gyro, greater the Gyroscopic
• P
Greater
M
COInertia.

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A S,
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GYRO COMPASS
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A S,
B I SW
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GYROCOMPASS
Drift & Drifting and Tilt & Tilting of Free GyroscopeKATA
KO L
E IET
Since all stars, including gyrostar: AS, S
B I
i) Rise in the East, on the horizon, SW i.e.0 Altitude
. C. 0
T.
ii) continue its movements P along its declination
C A P
B
circle, thusYcontinuously changing its azimuth and
I LED
altitude.
M P
C O
iii) Reach the meridian with maximum altitude and
iv) set in the West, again on the horizon, 00 altitude.

GYROCOMPASS
The axis of a free gyro which points to the gyro ATA
OL K
star will correspondingly ET K
S EI
i) Be horizontal and pointing Easterly A S,
B I SW
ii) Be Drifting and Tilting,
. C. i.e. changing its angles
T. P
with respectCA P
to the meridian and the
B
horizontalY
I LED
M P
Ciii)
O Be pointing N-S and with maximum Tilt
iv) Be horizontal and pointing Westerly.

GYROCOMPASS
ATA
O L K
DRIFT: ‘Drift’ is the angle which the axisET K
of Gyro
S EI
makes with the meridian. It is A S,
analogous to
I SW
B end of the axis is
azimuth. Generally theC.north
T
considered. ThePNorth. P. - end may be to the east
C A
Y or to the west of the meridian.
of the meridian
B
LED
Iof the North-end of the axis is analogous
P
Drift
M
O
C to the azimuth of the ‘Gyro Star’.

GYROCOMPASS
ATA
Drifting: ‘Drifting( Dg )’ is the rate of change drift. Drift of the axis of a Gyroscope, more often
OL K
than not, does not change uniformly. The drifting may be different at different instant.
T K
Drifting may be eastward or westward. Dg is analogous to the rate of change of azimuth of
E
S EI
the gyro star. The unit generally used for Dg is ‘ degrees per hour ’or ‘minutes of arc per
minutes of time’ as the case may be.
A S,
I S
Drifting is NIL at the equator and maximum at the POLES.
B W
Drifting varies directly as Sine Latitude
C.
Dg α Sine(Latitude).
T. P.
or, Dg = K. Sin Lat.
CA P
B Y
L E D
D g is maximum , when Sin Lat = 1
I of D = 15 per hour
M P
Maximum value g
0
O
CThe ‘per hour ‘ in the above equation is per sidereal hour of time, which is equal to 0.99727
Thus, K= 15 0
hours of mean solar time.

GYRO COMPASS
Please note this formulae (i.e. Dg = 150 Sin Latitude) is ATA
L K
Owhen
K
strictly correct only when the axis is horizontalTi.e.
E
S
there is no tilt. This formulae is sufficiently EI
and practically
A S,
B I SW
correct for marine gyro compass applications because the
gyro axis in these compasses
. C. remains very nearly
T
horizontal, with thePtilt . P
seldom exceeding about 10 .
Y CA
As a matter ofBinterest, the accurate formula for drifting is:
0ED
Dg =P15 L
I ( Sin L-Cos L Cos α Tanβ )/hr
O M
CWhere ‘L’ is the Latitude, ‘α’ is the Azimuth and ‘β’ is the tilt.

GYROCOMPASS
*** When the axis is horizontal,or nearly horizontal, ‘Drifting’ ofTA
L K A
N-end will be Ely ( or +ve), in north latitudes.
T K O
*** When the axis is horizontal,or nearly horizontal,
S EIE’Drifting’ of
A
N-end will be W’ ly ( or – v e), in south latitudes. S,
TILT: ‘Tilt’ is the angle which the axisB I W
Sof gyro makes with the
. C .
horizontal. When one end of
T P the axis is tilted upward with
. other end of the axis would
A P
respect to the horizontal,the
C
B
obviously be tiltedY downward with respect to the horizontal by
I LE D
M P
the same amount. Generally the N-end of the axis is considered.
O
Tilt is analogous to the Altitude of the Gyro Star. If the Gyro Star
C is above the horizon, the Tilt is upward, and if the Gyro Star is
bellow the horizon, the Tilt is downward.

GYROCOMPASS
TILTING: Tilting ( Tg ) is the rate of change of Tilt. The ATA
O L K
tilting may be different @ different instants. Tilting
ET K may
be upward or downward. Tilting is analogous S EI to the rate
A S,
of change of altitude of a Gyro S
B I W
Star. The unit generally
used for Tg is ‘degrees per . C.
hour’or ‘ minutes of arc per
T. P
minute of time’asAthe
C P case may be
Tilting isED Y
NILBat the Poles and maximum at the Equator.
Also,P I L
Tilting is NIL when the Azimuth is
M
CO0000 or 1800 and maximum when the Azimuth is 0900
or 2700 .

GYROCOMPASS
Tilting varies directly as Cos Latitude,
ATA
O L K
Tilting varies directly as Sin Azimuth
E T K
i.e. Tg α Cos Lat x Sin α, Where ‘α’ is Azimuth
S EI
T = K. Cos Latitude x Sin α A S,
g
B I SW
. C
T is maximum , when ( Cos Lat. Sinα. ) =1. Maximum value of T = 15 0
P
g g
P T
per hour. Thus K=15 , T =15 .0
Cos Lat x Sin α
0
A
g
C
The per hour in theYabove equation is per sidereal hour of time, which
B hours of mean solar time. ( one Sidereal day =
I L D
is equal toE0.99729
M P
23.9345 hours of mean Solar time.
O “Tilting”is Upward ( or + ve) , Azimuth is easterly i.e. 000 to 180
C*** 0 0
*** “ Tilting” is downward ( or – ve ), when Azimuth is 1800 to 3600

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GYROCOMPASS
In the above fig.,
TA
NESW is the rational horizon. Consider a free gyroscope at Z (latitude about 200N).
A
The arrows at Z represent the directions of the N-end of the axis.
OL K
ET K
P is the elevated N-pole.
S EI
gyrostar at a. A S,
The gyroscope is started with axis horizontal and the N-end pointing N, i.e., to the
B I SW
.
Abcda the path of the path of the gyrostar during the period of one sideral day (23h
C
56m 04s of Mean Solar Time).
T. P.
P
As the gyrostar moves from a to b, the N-end of the axis moves Eastward and tilts
CA
Y
upward, until maximum azimuth aZb0 is reached.
B
ED
Thereafter the N-end moves Westward, as the gyrostar moves from b to c, and at the
I L
P
instant when the gyrostar is at c, the axis is again on the meridian but with maximum
M
CO
tilt ac0.
Thereafter, the N-end continues its Westward movement until maximum Westerly
azimuth aZd0 is reached.
Thereafter, the N-end moves Eastward again, as the gyrostar moves from d to a, with
the axis becoming horizontal and in the meridian again when the gyrostar is again at a.
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GYRO COMPASS
In the above fig., NESW represents the rational horizon, and the arrows at Z represent the
directions of the N-end of the axis.
ATA
P represents the elevated N-pole corresponding to N-latitude of PN 0.
OL K
T K
Consider the gyro started with axis pointing N-S and N-end tilted down about 15 0), i.e., N-
E
S EI
end pointing to the gyrostar a. The path of the gyrostar is represented by abcdefa.
a and d represent the gyrostar when N-end points N.
A S,
I SW
b and f represent the gyrostar when the axis is horizontal.
B
C.
P.
c and e represent, respectively, the maximum E’ly and W’ly azimuth.
T.
It is seen that the N-end of the axis moves E’ly between e and c (through f, a, b), and W’ly
P
BY
the axis is horizontal. CA
between c and e (through d). In particular, it is seen that drifting of the N-end is E’ly when
I LED
a represents maximum downward tilt of N-end, and d represents maximum upward tilt of
MP
N-end.
CO
It is seen that the tilt of N-end increases from a to d (through b, c), i.e., when N-end is East
of the meridian.
Also, it is seen that the tilt of N-end decreases from d to a (through e, f), i.e., when N-end
is West of the meridian.

NUMERCALS
Q1. A free Gyro is rotating @ 1875 RPM. If the mass and ATA
O
radius of gyration of this gyro are increased by 20%KandL K
25%
I
respectively, what should be the RPM for theEgyroET to have
S , S
the same gyroscopic properties ?
W A
B I S
. C.
Solution : For same gyroscopic properties, both
gyros should have same T. P
Angular Momentum.
C A P
Let, Mass = MBY& Radius of Gyration = R g
LE D
I that,
P
We know
M
O
CAngular Momentum (H) =  X I
Initially, H =  X M X (Rg)2 = 1875 X M X (Rg)2 -----(1)
(Moment of Inertia, I = M X(R g)2 )
NUMERICALS
Mass is increased by 20% & Radius of Gyration
ATA
increased by 25%. So, new Mass =1.2M OL K
ET K
And Radius of Gyration = 1.25Rg EI S
A S,
2
B I W
H =  X 1.2M X (1.25Rg) ------------------------(2)
S
. .
CProperty, both Gyros
“For the Same Gyroscopic
T . P
C A P
should have Same Y Angular Momentum.”
D B
Both the
P I LEequation (1) & (2) will be SAME or EQUAL.
O M
Ci.e., 1875M(Rg)2 = (1.2M) x (1.25)2 x (Rg)2 x 
Therefore,  = 1000
i.e., the RPM should be reduced to 1000.
NUMERICALS
Q2. A free gyro with a small weight on one Lend ATA
O K
of the axle is set horizontal in the meridian ET K in
S EI
latitude 52 N. After one hourAthe
0 ,
S north end
0
B
points N 15 E. In what. latitude I SW would this
P. C
gyro remain with PT.its axle in the meridian.
C A
Y axle is substantially horizontal
( Assume D B
the
P I LE
throughout
M ).
CO

NUMERICALS
Dg = 150 Sin Lat per hour AT A
O L K
In latitude 520 N, Dg = 150 Sin 520 = 11.820 E i.e.
ET K
the N–
S EI
end of the gyro should point 011.82, S
A ,
But the N- end is
I
actually pointing 015 . This is because
0
B SW the weight is
causing an easterly precession. C. of ( 15 - 11.82 ) =3.18 E
T. P 0 0 0
This precessionCwould A P exactly counteract a westerly D g

BY
of 3.18 EW
I L
0
D per hour.
M
i.e. P
at a latitude such that 15 Sin Lat = 3.18 which
O
0 0
C gives, Latitude = 12.240 S= 120 14’ 22.5”S
( Latitude is South because the Drifting is Wly )

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S EI ET
A S,
B I SW
P.C.
PT.
Y C A
E D B
PI L
CO M

ATA
KO LK
S EI ET
A S,
B I SW
P.C.
PT.
Y C A
E D B
PI L
CO M

GYRO NUMERICAL
TA
1.Describe a circle to represent a Rational LKA
T KO
horizon. The view of the celestial sphere
S EIE is
from above the observer’s W ,
AS so that the
zenith
B I S
centre of the circle will
. C. always represent the
T. P
CA P
zenith. This labelled ‘Z”. The North point of the
horizon is Y
Bmarked by ‘N’ and the south point
I L ED
by
M P‘S’.
CO

GYRO NUMERICAL
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A S,
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P.C.
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GYRO NUMERIAL
2. Draw in the line NZS to represent the ATA
O L K
observer’s meridian. This divides the Esphere
T K
S I
E in which
A S,
into two halves, east of the meridian
W meridian in
ofISthe
all bodies rise, and west. B
P. C
. Draw in ‘WZE’ to represent
which all bodiesPset.
T
C A
Y prime vertical.
the observer’s
D B
P
3. Mark LE
I an approximate scale of degrees along
O M
C ‘NZS’ in say 100 intervals. This scale may be used
as a scale of latitude, declination or altitude.

GYRO NUMERICAL
4.Mark in the point ‘Q’ where the celestial equator cuts ATA
the meridian. The distance ‘ZQ’ will be equal to KO L K
E
observer’s latitude. ‘Q’ will be the southSof I ET
‘Z’ if the
latitude is North, and ‘Q’ will be to S ,
A north of ‘Z’ if the
the
B I SW
. .
latitude is south. Draw an Carc through ‘W’, ‘Q’ and ‘E’ to
T
represent the celestial. P
equator.
C A P
Y point which is occupied by the Gyro
5. Now locateBsome
StarP@ LE D
I some instant, from information given in the
CO M
question. For example it may be given that initially the
gyro axis is horizontal and pointing in a direction 0450 .

GYRO NUMERICAL
This would locate the gyro star on the horizon A
@TA
OL K
‘X’ in figure. ET K
S EI
6. For the present purpose it is A ,
S sufficiently
now
B I SW
accurate to draw a circle
. C. centered upon ‘P’
T. P
through the gyro
CA P star so located. This circle
represents Y
B the path followed by the gyro star
I LED
P the daily rotation of the earth.
during
M
CO
See the following examples worked with notes.

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A S,
B I SW
P.C.
PT.
Y C A
E D B
PI L
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ATA
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S EI ET
A S,
B I SW
P.C.
PT.
Y C A
E D B
PI L
CO M

GYRO NUMERICAL
ATA
KO LK
S EI ET
A S,
B I SW
P.C.
PT.
Y C A
E D B
PI L
CO M

GYRO NUMERICAL
Q. 3. At 00h 00m 00sec., the axle of a free gyro, A
in latitude 20 N, is pointing north with theOL
0 K AT
T K
north-end titled 10 down. At whatStime
0
EIE will it
have maximum easterly azimuth? S,
A What will be
B I SW
C.
the azimuth/Drift and.tilt/Alt. then?
T . P
Answer: CA P
B Y
Maximum I LED Easterly Azimuth @ 06h 48 m 24s
M P
O
CAzimuth = Drift = N 32.150E
Altitude = Tilt = 23.30
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A S,
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P.C.
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GYRO NUMERICAL
Using the Napier’s Rule,
Sin(900 - P) = tanPX . tan(900 – PZ) ATA
OL K
CosP = tanPX tan200
ET K
= tan 300 X tan 200 SEI
A S,
P = 77.90
B I SW
External Angle P = 1800 – 77.9.0 C.
T. P
= 102.1 0
CA P
Y
Time = 06hB48m 24s
I L ED
SinPX =PCos(90 0
- Z)Cos(900 -PZ)
O M
CSin300 = SinZ . Cos200
SinZ = Sin300/Cos200 = 0.532086886
Z = N32.150E
GYRO NUMERICAL
Sin(900 – PZ) = CosP X CosZX
ATA
CosZX = SinLat/CosPX
OL K
ET K
= Sin200/Cos300
S EI
A S,
= 0.394930843 SW
. B I
ZX = Cos (0.394930843)
-1
P. C
P T.
= 66.70 Y CA
D B
P I LE
ZX=Zenith Distance = (90 0
-Alt)
O M
C Alt. = (900 - ZX)
= (900 – 66.70)
Tilt = 23.30
ATA
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S EI ET
A S,
B I SW
P.C.
PT.
Y C A
E D B
PI L
CO M

GYRO COMPASS
ATA
KO LK
S EI ET
A S,
B I SW
P.C.
PT.
Y C A
E D B
PI L
CO M

ATA
KO LK
S EI ET
A S,
B I SW
P.C.
PT.
Y C A
E D B
PI L
CO M

ATA
KO LK
S EI ET
A S,
B I SW
P.C. E
PT. OB L I Q U
Y C A
E D B
PI L
CO M

ATA
KO LK
S EI ET
A S,
B I SW
P.C.
PT.
Y C A
E D B
PI L
CO M

ATA
KO LK
S EI ET
A S,
B I SW
P.C.
PT.
Y C A
E D B
PI L
CO M

ATA
KO LK
S EI ET
A S,
B I SW
P.C.
PT.
Y C A
E D B
PI L
CO M

ATA
KO LK
S EI ET
A S,
B I SW
P.C.
PT.
Y C A
E D B
PI L
CO M

GYRO NUMERICAL
Q.4. ATA
OL K
ET K
S EI
A S,
B I SW
C.
T. P.
CA P
BY
I LED
MP
CO

ATA
KO LK
S EI ET
A S,
B I SW
P.C.
PT.
Y C A
E D B
PI L
CO M

GYRO NUMERCAL
Q.5. ATA
OL K
ET K
S EI
A S,
B I SW
C.
T. P.
CA P
BY
I LED
MP
CO

ATA
KO LK
S EI ET
A S,
B I SW
P.C.
PT.
Y C A
E D B
PI L
CO M

GYRO NUMERICAL
ATA
KO LK
S EI ET
A S,
B I SW
P.C.
PT.
Y C A
E D B
PI L
CO M

ATA
KO LK
S EI ET
A S,
B I SW
P.C.
PT.
Y C A
E D B
PI L
CO M

ATA
KO LK
S EI ET
A S,
B I SW
P.C.
PT.
Y C A
E D B
PI L
CO M

GYRO NUMERICAL
ATA
The triangle PZX is nor a right-angled spherical triangle or a quadrantal – spherical
triangle.
OL K
ET K
So, we cannot apply the Napier’s Rule. We will apply FOUR-PART FORMULAE.
S EI
We know, PZ=900 -600 = 300
A S,
ZX= 900 -200 =700 & Z= 720
B I SW
Cos PX=Cos Z Sin PZ. Sin ZX+ Cos PZ. Cos ZX
C.
T. P.
CA P
Cos PX=Cos720 Sin 300 Sin700 +Cos300 Cos700
BY
Cos PX = 0.145190494 + 0.296198132
I LED
= 0.441388626
MP
PX = 630 48.5’ =Polar Distance
CO
Declination = 900 – 630 48.5’ = 260 11.5’
Zenith Distance of Gyro Star on meridian =Lat-Dec.
= 600 -260 11.5’ = 330 48.5’ Altitude = 560 11.5’

GYRO NUMERICAL
In Triangle PZX2 is Quadrantal-Spherical Triangle. So, ATA
OL K
we can apply Napier’s Rule :-
ET K
In Triangle PZX2 , We can write like S, SE
I
W A
B I S
this.
C.
Sin(900 –PX2 )=Cos Z.PT . P.(900 –PZ)
Cos
C A
Y / Sin PZ.
D B
Cos Z = Cos PX 2
LE
Cos Z P=ICos 630 48.5’ . / Sin 300 = 0.882750694
O M
C Z = 280 01.4’.
Azimuth when Gyro is next horizontal=N280 01.4’W
ATA
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S EI ET
A S,
B I SW
P.C.
PT.
Y C A
E D B
PI L
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GYRO NUMERICAL
Q.8. The axis of a free gyroscope is set horizontal and in theATA
O L K
0
ET K
meridian in latitude 30 S . Find the Tilt of the N-end of
the axis after 8 sidereal hrs. S EI
A S,
NESW is the rational horizon,
I SW
And P is the elevated pole. .X1Cis. B
T . P
represent the gyro A
C P
star when
B Y
I LED
the axis is horizontal, and X 2
M
After 8Psidereal hours.
CPXO1 =300 =PX2 = 8 sidereal hours.
Angle ZPX2 = 4 sidereal hrs=600

GYRO NUMERICAL
The spherical Δ PZX2 is not a right – angled spherical triangle orATA
O
not a Quadrantal spherical triangle. It’s a Oblique sphericalL K
triangle. So we will be using FOUR PART formulae.IET
K
, S E
CosZX = Cos P. Sin PZ. Sin PX + Cos PZ CosA
2 2
PXS2
B I SW
. C .
CosZX =Cos 60 Sin60 Sin30
2
T .
0 P+ 0 0
CA P
Y
Cos 60 Cos30 =0.649519
0 0
D B
2
I LE
ZX = 49.495 = 49 29.7’ 0
P N-end of the axis after 8

0
CO
Tilt M
of the
Sidereal hours =900 - 490 29.7’=400 30.3’ (D)

GYRO NUMERICAL
. ATA
OL K
ET K
S EI
A S,
B I SW
C.
T. P.
CA P
BY
I LED
MP
CO

GYRO NUMERICAL
Q.10. In the northern hemisphere a gyro axle is
ATA
Pointing N 600 E and is horizontal in latitude 400 N
OL K
Find the elevation when it is pointing South.
ET K
S EI
A S,
Solving ΔPZX for PX,
B I SW
Sin(900-PX)= Cos(Z)Cos(900-PZ) C.
T. P.
Cos PX = Cos(Z)Sin(PZ)
CA P
BY
Cos PX = Cos 600Sin500
I LED
PX = 67028.7’
MP
CO
PX = PX’
Declination = 900-PX
=22031.3’N
Therefore, the elevation when pointing south is XS’ = 72031.3’
ATA
KO LK
S EI ET
A S,
B I SW
P.C.
PT.
Y C A
E D B
PI L
CO M

GYRO NUMERICAL
At GMT 18hr. 10m. 02sec. the North end of the
axle of a free gyroscope was pointing 065 (T)LKA 0 TA
K O
T will its
and was seen to be horizontal. How Esoon IE
South end point ‘West’? S, S
WA
B I S
What will be the Tilt of . C.
the South end at this
T. P
instant? Assume C A P
that a sideral day is 23h. 56m.
BY
04sec. ofEDthe mean solar day & the latitude of
P IL
the
CO Mobserver as 35.5 0
N.

ATA
KO LK
S EI ET
A S,
B I SW
P.C.
PT.
Y C A
E D B
PI L
CO M

ATA
KO LK
S EI ET
A S,
B I SW
P.C.
PT.
Y C A
E D B
PI L
CO M

GYRO NUMERICAL
At 00hr 00m 00s, in latitude 450S & longitude TA
L K A
000 , the axle of a free gyroscope is horizontal
0
T K O
with one end of the axle pointing ,120 S I
0E
E (T). At
A S
what time will the same end
B I SWof the axle point
.
270 (T), on the same. Pday
0 .
C (Take 1 sideral Day to
A P T
be 23h 56m 04s
B C
Y of Mean Solar Time)
I LED
MP
CO

ATA
KO LK
S EI ET
A S,
B I SW
P.C.
PT.
Y C A
E D B
PI L
CO M

ATA
KO LK
S EI ET
A S,
B I SW
P.C.
PT.
Y C A
E D B
PI L
CO M

GYRO NUMERICAL
ATA
KO LK
S EI ET
A S,
B I SW
P.C.
PT.
Y C A
E D B
PI L
CO M

ATA
KO LK
S EI ET
A S,
B I SW
P.C.
PT.
Y C A
E D B
PI L
CO M

ATA
KO LK
S EI ET
A S,
B I SW
P.C.
PT.
Y C A
E D B
PI L
CO M

GYRO NUMERIVAL
Q.1. a. To derive the equation for ‘Course, Speed and Latitude Error.
b. A Vessel is steaming @ 20 knots on a northerly course in latitude 60 0 .
ATA
Find the steaming error of GYRO. (MMD Exam May 2016)
OL K
(15+10)
ET K
S EI
A S,
Consider a gyrocompass at position A on theISW
C . B
Surface of the earth.
T P .
. velocity
P
A of the earth. This
AE is the direction of the instantaneous
C
of the gyro due to theYrotation
velocity (AB) E D B
I L varies as the cosine of latitude of A
P nearly equal to (900xCosL) knots.
M
and is very
CADOis the instantaneous direction and velocity of
the ship at A.
AC is the instantaneous resultant direction and
velocity.
ATA
KO LK
S EI ET
A S,
B I SW
P.C.
PT.
Y C A
E D B
PI L
CO M

GYRO NUMERICAL
δ0=Speed-Course –Latitude Error Or Steaming Error.
θ0=Ship’s course-made-good
ATA
V=Ship’s speed-made-good in knots. OL K
E T K
AD=BC=V
S EI
In triangle BCF: CF= V. Cosθ; BF= V. Sinθ AS ,
B I SW
In triangle ACF
. C .
T .
tanδ= V. Cosθ ÷(900.cosL+V.Sinθ) P
C A P
B Y
This is the accurate formula for Speed-Course-Latitude
Error.
I LED
M P holds good for all courses in three
O
This
Cfigureformula
notation(i.e.,0000 to 3600). When V.cosθ is positive,
the gyro error is ‘High’ or W, and when V.cosθ is negative
the gyro error is ‘Low’ or E.
GYRO NUMERICAL
The error is W’ly (or High) when course-made
TA
good is N’ly, and E’ly (or Low) when course- LKA
T KO
made-good is S’ly. S EIE
A S,
If the vessels is steaming westerly
B I SW course, then
. C.
denominator will be T. P
(900Coslat-Vsincourse).
CA P
If the vessels
BYis steaming easterly course, then
I LED
thePearth rotation will increase, denominator
O M
C will be (900Cos.Lat +V. sin course).

GYRO NUMERICAL
b. We know the formulae, ATA
O L K
tanδ = ( V Cos θ) / (900 x Cos Lat + V.EISin
E K
T θ)
, S
Where, δ = Steaming Error ofWGyro AS
B I S
C. vessel
V = Speed ofP.the
P T.
CA of the vessel
θ = YCourse
D B
ILE x Cos 00 )/( 900 x Cos 600 +20 x Sin 00
tan δP=(20
CO M
= 20/ 450 = 0.044444444
δ = 2.540 W or HIGH Error
GYRO NUMERICALS
To explain why a gyro compass that is damped- ATA
OL K
in – tilt will settle with its spin axis @ ET K
a small
S EI
angle to the meridian except Awhen ,
S at the
equator. B I SW
. C.
T P
. equilibrium, the drifting of
At the settle point
CA P for
BY needs to be counteracted exactly
the spinDaxis
I LE
Pan equal and opposite Control Precession
by
M
CO(P ).
C

GYRO NUMERICAL
Such Control Precession would only be possible if the spin axis A isTA
settle up or down. W’ly Control Precession would resultOifLthe K
E T K
S I
N-end is tilted up, and E’ly Control Precession ifEthe N-end is
tilted down. A S ,
At the equator there is no drifting, B I
and SW
so no Control Precession is
. C .
T . P
required. Hence the axis, when settle, will remain horizontal.
C
In North latitudes the A P
drifting of the N-end is E’ly, hence an equal
B Y Control Precession is required. Such Control
LE D
and opposite W’ly
I will only be possible if N-end is tilted up. Hence N-
P
Precession
M
O
C remains tilted up when settled in North latitudes.
end

GYRO NUMERICAL
In South latitudes, the drifting of the N-end is W’ly,
hence an equal and opposite E’ly control precession is ATA
OL K
required. Such control precession will only be possible if
ET K
N-end is tilted down. Hence, N-end remains tilted down S EI
A S,
when settled in South latitudes.
B I SW
.
However, with damping-in-tilt, whenever there is
C
T. P.
control precession there is bound to be damping
CA P
Y
precession(Pd) also, which always acts towards the
B
LED
horizontal. For equilibrium, the damping precession
I
MP
O
should also be countered by an equal and opposite tilting.
C
Since there is no tilting when the axis is on the meridian,
the required tilting would only be possible if the axis is off the
meridian.
GYRO NUMERICAL
It is this angle which the axis makes with the meridian
when settled, which is called the “damping error”(alsoKATA
O
KtheL
EI T
called ‘latitude error’ because it varies directlyEas
latitude). S, S
W A
In North latitudes, an upward B I S is required to
tilting
. C.
counteract the downward T. Pdamping precession, and so
A P
C east of the meridian when settled.
the N-end hasBto Y be
LED
I latitudes, a downward tilting is required to
P
In South
M
O
Ccounteract the upward damping precession and so the
N-end has to be west of the meridian when settled.

GYRO NUMERICAL
THUS, WHEN A GYRO-COMPASS, WHICH IS DAMPED-IN-TILT, IS SETTLED,
ATA
THERE IS E’LY DAMPING ERROR, (WITH N-END TILTED UP), IN NORTH OL K
ET K
LATITUDES;
S EI
S,
W’LY DAMPING ERROR (WITH N-END TILTED DOWN), IN SOUTH LATITUDES;
A
I
NO DAMPING ERROR, AND AXIS HORIZONTAL, AT THE EQUATOR.
B SW
C.
T. P.
CA P
BY
I LED
MP
CO

GYRO NUMERIAL
To explain that the Latitude Error or Damping ATA
O L K
Error varies directly as the tangent of ET K
the
S EI
Latitude . A S,
B I SW
. C.OR
T P
.r. Tan Latitude.
Prove that :- Sinα
CA P
=
BY
Consider
I LEDthe path traced by the North end of
M P
COthe axis of a Gyro Compass which is controlled
and damped-in- tilt.

GYRO NUMERICAL
ATA
KO LK
S EI ET
A S,
B I SW
P.C.
PT.
Y C A
E D B
PI L
CO M

GYRO NUMERICAL
ATA
KO LK
S EI ET
A S,
B I SW
P.C.
PT.
Y C A
E D B
PI L
CO M

GYRO NUMERICAL
At any point on the path traced as above, the followingATA
OL K
four factors are present.
ET K
Drifting ( Dg ) --- E’ly in North Latitude. S, SEI
W A
I S
Tilting ( Tg ) --- Upward whenBAzimuth is E’ly.
C .
. P. when N-end is tilted up.
Control Precession (PPcT)----W’ly
Y C A
D B
Damping Precession ( Pd )----Always towards the
P I LE
horizontal.
CO M
Also, Pd / Pc = r. or Pd = r. Pc
Where, ‘r’ is (Damping Ratio) is a Constant.

GYRO NUMERICAL
At the setting point,
Dg(= 150SinL per hour) should be equal to Pc, and ATA
OL K
Tg (=150CosL Sin Az per hour) should be equal to Pd.
ET K
S EI
A S,
The Azimuth here is the damping error and is denoted
by α.
B I SW
. C.
i.e., Pc = D = 15 SinLat
g
0
T. P
And Pd = T = 15 CosLat C A P
Sinα
0
B
g
Y
Pd = r .Pc ED
P I L
Thus,
C O M
15 CosLat Sinα = r.15 SinLat
0 0
Dividing both sides by 15 CosLat 0
Sinα = r. tan Lat, (Proved)

But, since α is small in latitudes of upto about 700.N or S
GYRO NUMERICAL
Sinα = α.radians, and since 1 radian = 57.30 ATA
OL K
( We know that πc = 1800 or, 1c = 1800 /π
E T K
1c or 1 radian = 1800 x7/22=57.272= 57.3,0 S )EI
A S
α = 57.3 r. tan Lat.
0.
B I SW
. .
Cdirectly as tangent
T . P
i.e., Settling Point Error varies
of latitude. C A P
B Y
Therefore,Ewe
I L D can say, Damping Error directly varies as Tan
M P
Latitude. Here ( 57.3 &’ r’ are constant)
O
CDamping Error is East in Northern Hemisphere.
Damping Error is West in Southern Hemisphere.

GYRO NUMERICAL
Q.2. In Latitude 640 08.9, a vessel steaming ATA
0KO
L K
0180T at 22 knots, has speed-course error of
EIET3 .
S
Find the surface speed of the earthAatS,the
Equator in knots. B I SW
. C.
T. P
(The gyrocompass isPdamped-in-azimuth and
C A
Yany other errors)
does not have
D B
P I LE
Ans.
M
O
Ctan30=(22xCos180)÷(ΩxCos6408.9’+22xSin180)
so, Ω=899.972 knots ( Speed of the Earth @ the
Equator)
GYRO NUMERICAL
Q.3. At position 40030’N and 020020’W a vessel
ATA
is steering a course of 220 (G) at a speed of 15
0
O L K
ET K
knots. Find the course & speed error S EI
on the
A S,
gyro?
B I SW
. C.
Ans. T. P
CA P
B Y
Error=V. Cos(Course)/900 x Cos Lat–V Sin Course
LED
PI
=M(15xCos 2200 )/900xCos400 30’-15xSin2200
O
C=-0.0165 ( -ve indicates Gyro Error is LOW or E.
Error = 0.020 E or LOW.
GYRO NUMERICAL
Q.4.The Damping Error of a mercury ballistic ATA
O L K
controlled gyro varies directly as the tangent
ET Kof the
EI
latitude. If the Damping Error is 1.0 , ES in latitude 350
0
A S
N, calculate the combined Damping
B I SW and Steaming
Error (Course-Speed-Latitude. .
C Error) when steaming
T . P
346 (T)@ 16 knots
0
C A P in Latitude 52 0
S.
B Y
I L D
Sin = r .ETan Latitude
M P
CO
Sin1 0
= r . Tan 350 , or, r = Sin10/Tan 350 ,
Damping Ratio( r ) = 0.024924619

GYRO NUMERICAL
Calculating “Damping Error” in Latitude 520S
Sin α = r.tan(Latitude) or, Sin α = 0.0249 x tan 520
ATA
O LK
or, Sin α = 0.031870546 or, α = Sin-1 0.031870546
E T K
E I
SHemisphere)
Error (α)= 1.828 W (W’ly in the Southern
0
A S ,
Calculating “Speed-Course Error” B I SWin Latitude 52 S
P.C. 0
PT.
Tan(δ)= V. Cos(Course)/900Cos(Latitude)-V.Sin(Course)
Y C A
E D
Tan(δ)= 16Cos346 B 0
/(900Cos52 0
-16 Sin346 0
)
P I L
C O M
Error(δ)= 1.596 0
W(W’ly on a N’ly Course)
Net Error= 1.8280W+1.6160W
= 3.4440W (Or High)
GYRO NUMERICAL
MMD Question. Came in 3rd November 2016.
Q.5. In Latitude 320 N, the Damping Error is 1.20 E
ATA
L K
Calculate the total Error of the same Gyro Compass when making good a course
O
of 3150 (T) @ a speed of 18 knots in Latitude 480 S.
ET K
S EI
Damping Factor A S
r = Sin1.20 /Tan 320 = 0.0335
,
Damping Error Sin α = r Tan Latitude Where, ‘α’= Damping Error, r=
B I SW
Damping Error in Latitude 480 S
C.
. P.
Sinα = r. Tan 480 = 0.0335 x Tan 480 = 0.0372055190
T
CA P
 = Sin-1 (0.0372055190) = 2.130 W (S. Hemisphere)
BY
Steaming Error ( Speed-Course- Latitude Error) = δ
I LED
P
Tan δ = ( V. Cos Course) / 900 x Cos Latitude –V . Sin Course
M
CO = ( 18 x Cos 3150 ) / 900 x Cos 480 -18 x Sin 3150
Tan δ = 0.02115995, δ = 1.210 W,
TOTAL RROR = Damping Error + Steaming Error
= 2.130 W + 1.210 W = 3.340 W (Ans.)

GYRO NUMERICAL
MMD Question, came in November 2017.
ATA
OL K
Q.6.Your ship is anchored @ position 540 N 0600 E and Gyro Error is
ET K
S EI
found to be 20 Low or E. Find out the course to steer for making good a
S,
Course of 1580 (T), if ship’s speed is 16 knots & in Latitude 40 0 N.
A
Sin Error = r. Tan Lat.
B I SW
C.
Sin 20 = r. Tan 540 Therefore, r = 0.025.
T. P.
CA P
The Damping Error = x @ Latitude 400 N
BY
Sin x = r. Tan 400, Sin x= 0.025 x Tan400
I LED
P
Damping Error,x = 1.2190 E or LOW ( Northern Hemisphere)
M
CO
Steaming Error or Speed- Course- Latitude Error
Tan δ = ( V. Cos Course)/ 900 x Cos Lat + V. Sin Co
= ( 16x Cos 1580 )/900x Cos400 + 16 x Sin1580

GYOR NUMERICAL
• Tan δ = - 0.02133 ATA
O L K
• δ = 1.22 E ( Course made good
0
E T K
S’LY)
S EI
• Total Error = Damping ErrorW+ASteaming S, Error
B I S
• =1.2190 E+ . C .
1.22 0
E =2.439 0
E( LOW)
T. P
C
• Course to steer A P
= 158 0
-2.439 0
E = 155.561 0
BY
(G)toI LED
made good a course of 158 0
(T) Ans.
M P
CO

GYRO NUMERICAL
• MMD Question. Came in May, 2019. ATA
OL K
Q.7. Damping Error in latitude 40 S Ewas 0
ET K
S I
observed to be 1.2 W. Calculate
0
A ,
S the Damping
B I SW
Error in latitude 25 N.
0
. C.
T P
.Error Sinα = r. tan latitude
We know, Damping CA P
B Y
According
I LED to the question, Sin1.2 0
= r. tan 40 0
M P
CrO= 0.024958204
The Damping Error in latitude 250 N will be ‘α’

GYRO NUMERICAL
• Damping Error, Sinα = r. tan Latitude ATA
O L K
= 0.024958204 xEtan ET K
25 0
S I
A S
Sin  = 0.01161106
,
B I SW
0.
C
Damping Error = 0.666
P. E ( Because in Northern
PT.
BCA is E or LOW).
Hemisphere Error
Y
I LED
MP
CO

GYRO NUMERICAL
Q.8. A Gyro Compass Damped in tilt has damping Error ofATA
OL K
1.2 E in latitude 46 18’ N. What will be its Damping
0 0
ET K Error
in 420 S ? S EI
A S ,
Damping Error (Sin α ) = r. Tan Latitude
B I SW
So, Sin1.2 = r x Tan 46 18’ . .
,Cr = 0.02001
P
0 0
P T .
Therefore, Damping
Y C A Error ‘α’ will be
Sin α = r xETan D B
420 , Sin α = r x Tan 420
P I L
Sin M
α = 0.02001 x 0.9004, α = 1.0780 W ( S. Hem)
O
CThis Question came in MMD Exam in Aug. 2012 &
May 2015.

GYRO NUMERICAL
• This Question came in MMD Exam. Feb,2015 ATA
OL K
Q.9. A Gyro Compass damped in tilt Ehas ETa K
S I
damping Error 2.8 W in latitude
0
A S, 58 0
S. What
B I SW
. C.
will be the damping error of the same Gyro in
30 N LatitudeA?PT
0 . P
BY C
I LED
MP
CO

GYRO NUMERICAL
Sin α = r x Tan Latitude, Where, ‘r’ is damping factor ATA
OL K
( Constant)
E T K
S EI
Sin 2.80 = r x Tan 580
A S,
r = 0.03052, B I SW
. C.
Now, we will find the T . P
damping error in latitude
C A P
30 N.
0
BY
L E D
SinM αP= Ir x Tan 300 , or, Sin α = 0.03052 x Tan 300
O
CSin α = 0.01762073, or, α = 1.00960 E ( Northern
Hemisphere Error is ‘E’ or LOW)

GYRO NUMERICAL
ATA
KO LK
S EI ET
A S,
B I SW
P.C.
PT.
Y C A
E D B
PI L
CO M

GYRO NUMERICAL
• The formulae for Speed-Course-Latitude Error ATA
O L K
• ( Steaming Error) is given by –
E T K
Tan δ =( V. Cos θ)/900 Cos Lat ±V Sin θ S EI
S ,
Where, V = Speed of the Ship WA
B I S
θ = Course of Ship
. C .
T . P
C A P
L = Latitude
This is an exact B Y
formulae for calculating the course, speed
LE D
I error. In practice such accuracy is not required. Hence
P
latitude
M
O
C the rotational speed of the Earth @ the equator is taken as
if
900 knots instead of 903.55 knots, no appreciable error will
occur.

GYRO NUMERICAL
Also since ‘V’ is small, ‘V. Sin θ’ will be very small ATA
O L K
compared to 900.Cos Latitude in navigable water
ET K and
hence can be neglected. Also since ‘δ’ isSsmall EI and
expressing it in circular measure,W S,
A δ = δc
Tan
B I S
So, Error ( δc ) = ( V. Cos Course)
. C. / 900x Cos Lat
T. P 0
( δ )= (V x Cos Course
0
C A P ) x 180 /π x900x Cos Lat
Error ( δ D0 Y
) =B( V. Cos θ ) / 5π. Cos Latitude
I LE
ThisM isPthe practical form in which the formulae is used to
COcalculate the Course-Speed-Latitude Error in degrees.

GYRO NUMERICAL
*** MMD Question, 2nd February 2015 *** A TA
O L K
MMD Question, August 2017.
0 IE
T K
Q.10. Steaming Error of a Gyro on the equator isS2E . Allowing for
the same speed and course, what will beAthe S, Steaming Error in
B I SW
Latitude 360 52’ ?
. C.
Using the formulae δ = V. T .
CosPCourse/5π Cos Lat
C A P
Y
According to the question,
B
2 = V x Cos
I LE D
Course / 5π. Cos Lat
M PCos Course/ 5π. Cos Lat = 2
CO V x Cos Course / 5 π. Cos 00 =2
or, V X
V x Cos Course / 5 π = 2 or, V x Cos Course = 10 π -----(i)

GYRO NUMERICAL
Let the Steaming Error in Latitude 360 52’ is ‘δ’. ATA
OL K
So, δ = V x Cos Course/ 5 π. Cos Lat EIET K
, S
S360 52’
= V x Cos Course / 5 π. Cos WA
B I S
= V x Cos Course/ . .
C5 π x 0.8
T. P
V x Cos Course CA P
= 4π xδ --------------(ii)
BY
I
Comparing LED equation (i) & (ii)
M P
O
Cor, 4π x δ = 10 π or, δ = 2.50 Ans.

GYRO NUMERICAL
** MMD QUESTION, came in 1st January2016** KATA
KO L
Q.11. For Gyro damped in tilt find the total
EI ET Gyro
S, S
0
W A
Error while steering 060 (G) in latitude 30 0
S@a
speed of 15 knots.(DampingB I S Ratio= Pd : Pc =1:40 ).
.C.
T. P
Damping Error (Sin
CA Pα ) =r. Tan Latitude
B Y
Where,LrE=DDamping Factor = Pd : Pc ,
P I
O M
Where,
C Pd = Damping Precession
Pc = Control Precession

GYRO NUMERICAL
Therefore, Error (Sin α) = Pd / Pc x Tan Latitude
ATA
OL K
= 1/40 x Tan 30 0
ET K
S EI
α = 0.802 W ( ‘W’ in S. Hemisphere.)
,
0
A S
Now we find the Speed- Course- Lat. Error=
I SW δ
+ .V.BSin Co
Tan δ = V x Cos Co./ 900. Cos Lat C
T. P
= 15 x Cos 60 /900.PCos30
.
0
+15 x Sin 60
0 0
Y C A
B
= 0.00946479
D
I LE
δ = 0.542
P W 0
M
O Error = Damping Error + Steaming Error
CTotal
= 0.8020 W+ 0.5420 W
= 1.350 W or HIGH.

GYRO NUMERICAL
• ** MMD Question, 2nd Nov. 2018 *** ATA
O L K
Q.12. For Gyro damped in tilt find the total E T K
Gyro Error
0SE
I
while steering 060 (G) in Latitude 40
0
A S, S @ a speed of
15 knots.
B I SW
. C.
( Given that Pd : Pc = 1:
T )
. P
40
C A P
Damping Error BY ( Sin α ) = r. Tan Lat.
LED
I r = Pd / Pc = 1/40
P
Where,
M
O
CSin α = (1/40) x Tan 400 = 0.02097749
α = 1.2020 W ( ‘W’ in Southern Hemisphere)

GYRO NUMERICAL
• ***MMD Question in 2nd Nov. 2018 *** ATA
O L K
Steaming Error( Speed- Course- Latitude E T K
Error)
S EI
Tan δ =( V x Cos Co.)/900x CosW Lat+ ,
AS V x Sin Co.
B I S
= (15x Cos 600 /900. C.
x Cos40 0
+ 15x Sin 60 0
T. P
A P
tan δ = 7.5/702.4299999
C = 0.010677
B Y
ED 0W
δ =IL0.61
M P
O Error = Damping Error + Steaming Error
CTotal
= 1.2020 W + 0.610 W = 1.8120 W(HIGH)

GYRO NUMERICAL
** MMD Question, came in 2nd Feb. 2015** KATA
KOL
Q.13. A Gyro compass damped in tilt has aEdamping
E I T
0 0 S
error of 2.8 W in latitude of 58 S.S,What will be the
W A
damping error of the sameBGyro I S in latitude 300 N ?
. C.
We know that, T. P
C A P
Sin α = r. Tan
B Y Lat (‘r’ is Damping Ratio, a Constant)
LE D
I2.80 = r. Tan 580
P
Or, Sin
M
O
Cor, Sin 2.80 = r. 1.6 or, r = 0.0305

GYRO NUMERICAL
Damping Error @ 300 N Latitude is = α ATA
OL K
Sin α = r. Tan Lat ET K
S EI
A
= 0.0305 x Tan 300 = 0.017609S,
B I SW
.
P. C Hemisphere)
α = 1.0089 E (Northern Ans.
0
PT.
BY CA
I LED
MP
CO

GYRO NUMERICAL
*** MMD Question, in 8th August 2018*** ATA
O L K
Q.14. A Ship making good 2700 (T) while her Gyro
ET K
Compass
I
shows 2650 (G) in Latitude 540 41’N. She, SisErequired to
A SGyro Course
make good 1700 (T) @ 19 knots.SWhat
B I W
would you set on your Auto . C .Pilot ?
0T. P
Gyro Error = 2700 -265
C A P = 5 0
E or LOW.
Damping Error Y
B Sin α = 1/40. Tan Lat
I LED
αP
Sin M = 1/40. Tan 540 41’
CODamping Error = 2.0220 E ( N- Hemisphere)
(Take r= 1/40 for calculation )

GYRO NUMERICAL
Let, Speed- Course- Latitude Error =δ ATA
OL K
Tan δ = (V . Cos θ)/900. Cos Lat + V. Sin θ
ET K
= (19x Cos 1700 )/900 x Cos 540 41’+19. Sin, 170 S I
E0
A S
Tan δ = -0.03573
B I SW
. .
Cmeans error is E)
δ = -2.04 = 2.04 E ( -ve
0 0
T. P
C
Total Error = Damping A PError + Steaming Error
BY
E D
= 2.022 0
E + 2.04 0
E
IL =4.0620 E ( E’ly Error is LOW Error)
M P
O
CYou will set the Course in Auto Pilot 1700 – 4.0620
165.9380 (G). I will set 165.9380 (G) on my Auto Pilot.

GYRO NUMERICAL
Q.15.A Vessel with a gyro damped in tilt steams KaATA
KO L
straight rhumb line course from position E T “A” ( 56 0
I
SE “B”
,
20’S, 0000 10’W) and arrives @ aSposition
A
I SW
( 59 04’S, 001 30’E) afterBsteaming
0 0
for
. C.
10 hrs. T. P
C A P
Y course steered from ‘A’ to ‘B”.
Find: a) The Bgyro
LE D
Igyro course to steer from ‘B’ to ‘A’ @ the
P
b) The
M
O
C same speed.

GYRO NUMERICAL
Using the plane- sailing formula,
ATA
L K
Lat of ‘A’ = 560 20’S Long of ‘A’ = 0000 10’W
ET KO
Lat of ‘B’ = 590 04’S Long of ‘B’ = 0010 30’E
S EI
D’Lat =020 44’S D’Long =0010 40’EAS
,
B I SW
M’Lat = 57 42’,
0
. C .
.
Dep = D’Long x Cos m’lat =T100’P x Cos 570 42’
C A P
Dep = 53.435’E, Tan
B Y Course = Dep/D’Lat
I L ED = 53.435’/ 164’
M P
C O =0.3259329268
Course = 180 03’ =S 180 03’ E = 1620 (T)
Distance = Dep/ Sin Course =53.435/Sin 180 03’=172.5 M

GYRO NUMERICAL
CMG = 1620 (T) ATA
OL K
DMG = 172.5 M ( For 10 hours) ET K
S EI
SMG = 17.25 Knots A S,
B I SW
Damping Sin  = r. Tan . C.
Lat (‘r’ Constant )
T. P
Assuming r =Y1/40C P
A and taking the meanlatitude
D B
Sin IL=E 1/40 . Tan 570 42’  = 2.26640 W.
M P
O
C(Damping Error is ‘W’ in Southern Hemisphere)

GYRO NUMERICAL
To find the Speed-Course- Latitude Error,
ATA
OL K
Tan δ =( V. Cos Course)/900.Cos Lat+ V . Sin Course
ET K
= 17.25x Cos 1620 /900xCos570 42’+17.25 x Sin1620
S EI
Steaming Error, =1.940 E (E’ly in S ’ly Course) A S,
B I SW
Total Error = 2.26640 W + 1.940 E = 0.32640 W
C.
. P.
Course ‘A’ to ‘B’ = 1620 + 0.32640 =162.32640 (G).
T
CA P
On the reverse course the ‘Damping Error’ retains its sign as it is
BY
I LED
dependent on the “ Hemisphere” whereas the ‘Speed-Course-
P
Latitude’ changes sign. Because ‘A’ to ‘B’ Course is 1620 (T), But ‘B’ to
M
CO ‘A’ it will be 1620 + 1800 = 3420 . Total Error = 2.26640 W + 1.940 W=
4.20640 W or (H)
Gyro Course to steer = 3420 + 4.20640 (W) =346.20640 (G)

GYRO NUMERICAL
** MMD Question. Came in 4th Feb 2019, 5th. Feb, 2014 ATA
OL K
and 3rd Feb, 2013.
E T K
S I
E430 N, 0580
Q.16. Ship sails @ 1400 hrs from position
A S,
30’W to pick up pilot @ 1900IShrs
B W in position 44 0 N,
. C.
060 W. The current .has
0
T P been setting 180 0
@ 1.5
knots, throughout. CA P The ship is fitted with Sperry
B Y
Gyro, which
I LE D is uncorrected for damping and N-S
M P
speed error. If the damping ratio is 1 : 40, calculate
COthe gyro course and the ship’s speed, which need to
be maintained, to reach the pilot station in time.

GYRO NUMERIAL
Starting Lat: 430 00’N Long: 0580 30’W
ATA
L K
Arr. Lat : 440 00’N Long: 0600 00’W
ET KO
D’Lat : 010 00’N D’Long: 0010 30’W
S EI
Using plane- sailing formula, A S,
B I S W
Dep = D’Long x Cos m’lat = 90’ x Cos
. C. 43 30
0
P
Dep = 65.283’, Tan CourseT=. Dep /D’Lat
A P
Tan CourseY=C65.283’/60’ = 1.08805
D B
I LE
Course
P
= 47.40 = N 47.40 W = 312.60 (T)
O M
Distance = Dep/ Sin Course = 65.283/ Sin 47.40
CDistance = 88.7M. From 1400 hrs to 1900 hrs= 5 hrs.
Speed = 88.7/5 = 17.74 knots.

GYRO NUMERICAL
Damping Error (Sin α ) =r x Tan Latitude ATA
O L K
( Where ‘r’ is a constant. Given r =Pd /Pc = 1: 40).
E T K
S
Sinα = 1/40 ( Tan 430 30’), So, α = 1.3590 E ,( N.
I
EHemisphere).
A S
Say, Speed-Course-Latitude Error =Iδ.
B S W
. .
C Lat – V. Sin Co.
T.0P
Tan δ = (V. Cos Course)/ 900.Cos
Tan δ = (17.74x Cos C A P
312.6 )/900x Cos43 0
30’ – 17.74 x Sin
B Y= 0.018032
LE D
312.60 , Tan δ
I Error, δ = 1.0330 W or HIGH
M P
Steaming
C O
So, the Error of the Gyro = 1.3590 E + 1.0330 W
Gyro Error = 0.3260 E

ATA
KO LK
S EI ET
A S,
B I SW
P.C.
PT.
Y C A
E D B
PI L
CO M

GYRO NUMERICAL
Using Sin formula,
In ∆ABC, ATA
Sin/7.5 = Sin132.60/x = Sin(1800-132.60-)/88.7 KO L K
EIET
Taking first and third part,
S, S
Sin/7.5 = Sin(180 -132.6 -)/88.7SW
0 0 A
. B I
.
or, Sin(47.4 -)/88.7 = Sin/7.5
0
P C
or, (Sin47.40Cos - A P T.
SinCos47.4 0
)/88.7 = Sin/7.5
Y C
or, 0.736CosB- 0.6768Sin = 88.7Sin/7.5
I LED
M P
or, 0.736Cot - 0.6768 = 11.826
O
Cor, 0.736Cot = 11.826 + 0.6768 =12.50
or, Cot = 12.50/0.736 = 16.9836
Þ  = 3.40
GYRO NUMERICAL
From 1st and 2nd part of the equation (above) A
K AT
Sin/7.5 = Sin132.6 /x
0
KOL
ÞX = (7.5 x Sin132.6 )/Sin3.3696 , SE
0 0 IET
A S
= 96.8M I
B0 S W
0C.
Course to steer = 312.6
T . P . +3.4 -0.33 0
CA
= 315.67P0
(G)
B Y
D
LE = 96.8/5 =19.36knots
Ship’s ISpeed
MP
CO

GYRO NUMERICAL
*** MMD Examination. 3rd May 2018 ***
ATA
OL K
Q.17. A Vessel steers 1680 (T) @ 15.5 Knots in 550 35’ N Latitude. Find what is her
Gyro course in each cases:
ET K
S EI
a) Gyro is “ Damped in Azimuth”.
A S,
b) Gyro is “ Damped in Tilt”.
B I SW
.
When Gyro is “Damped in Azimuth” then there is no Damping Error. Only Steaming
C
Error will be present.
T. P.
CA
c) Let, Speed-Course-Latitude is δ.P
BY
Then, Tan δ = ( V. Cos Co.)/ 900 x Cos Lat ± V x Sin Co.
I LED
Tan δ =(15.5xCos 1680 )/ 900xCos 550 35’+15.5xSin 1680
MP
Tan δ =(-15.1612)/508.68629+ 3.2226 = - 0.0296169
CO δ = 1.70 E ( LOW Error.)
Gyro Course = 1680 - 1.70 = 166.30 ( G)

GYRO NUMERICAL
b) When Gyro is “ Damped in Tilt”, there will be both of Damping or
ATA
Latitude Error and Steaming or Speed- Course- Latitude Error.
OL K
ET K
First calculate Damping Error ‘α’
S EI
Sin α = r x Tan Latitude = 1/40 x Tan 550 35’
A S,
( Consider r= 1/40, if not given)
B I SW
C.
α= 2.0910 E ( Northern Hemisphere ‘E’)
T. P.
CA P
Steaming Error =(V. Cos Co.)/900.Cos Lat ± V. Sin Co
BY
Tanδ=( 15.5x Cos1680 )/900x Cos 550 35’+15.5xSin 1680
I LED
P
δ= 1.70 E
M
CO
Total Error when Gyro is Damped in Tilt = Damping Error+ Speed-Course-
Latitude Error.
ERROR = 2.0910 E + 1.7000 E = 3.7910 E
Gyro Course to Steer = 1680 - 3.7910 = 164. 2090 (G) Ans.
GYRO NUMERICAL
*** MMD Question 5th Feb, 2018 *** LKATA
T KO
Q.18. A Ship with Gyro Compass uncorrected EIE for
damping and Steaming ErrorsAsteers S, S 2050 (T &
B I SW
. .
G) from position ‘A’ inCLatitude 580 S to ‘B’ in
T . P
0
C P
Latitude 62 S.ADetermine the speed of the
Y
B to steer from position ‘B’ to ‘A’
ship & course
I LED
with
M P Gyro Compass uncorrected.
CO
( Pc : Pd =40: 1 =1/r )

GYRO NUMERICAL
Here, True and Gyro course are the same which is 205 0 ,
ATA
So, “ Damping Error” = “Speed-Course-Lat Error” (Opposite in NAME)
OL K
Let “Damping Error”= α
E T K
S E I
Let, “Speed- Course-Lat. Error” from ‘A’ to ‘B’=δ1
A S,
Let, “Speed-Course- Lat. Error “ from ‘B’ to ‘A’ =δ
2
B I SW
Damping Error = r. Tan Latitude.
Sin α = r. Tan Latitude = (1/40) x Tan 60P. C
.
.
0
(Taking the mean Lat. & r= P : PP=T

Sin α = 0.04330127019 Y C A d 1 : 40)
c
Therefore, α = E D B
I L 2.48176 W ( In Southern Hemisphere, ‘α’ is W or HIGH)
0
PCourse & GYRO Course are same then “Damping Error” and
M
If the True
O Course – Latitude” ( “Steaming Error”) will be same.
C“Speed-
So, δ1 = 2.481760 E ( Southerly Course Error is ‘E’)

GYRO NUMERICAL
Now, we will find out the ‘speed’ of the vessel ATA
OL K
K
ET Co.
Tanδ1 = ( V. Cos Co)/900 x Cos Lat ± V.EISin
, S
0 AS
= (V. Cos 205 )/900 x Cos 60
0
I SW –V. Sin 205 0
. B
C450+V x 0.422618.
Tan δ1 = ( V x 0.90630)/
T. P.
0 CA
P
Tan 2.48176BY= 0.90630V/ 450+0.422618V
I LED
Or,MP0.0433419 = 0.90630V/ 450+ 0.422618V
CO
Speed (V) = 21.095 Knots.

GYRO NUMERICAL
Now, we will find the Speed-Course Lat. Error
ATA
O L K
Say, δ2 from ‘B’ to ‘A’.
ET K
Tan δ = (V. Cos Co)/ 900 x Cos Lat ± V. Sin Co S EI
2
A S,
=(21.09xCos25 )/900xCos60 +21.09xSin25
0
B I S
0
W 0
C .
Tan δ = 19.1140/ 441.0869 = 0.0433338
.
2
Therefore, δ = 2.48 W P T P
. is ‘W’ because Course made good
( Error
A
0
N’ly i.e. 025 ) BY

2
C 0
ED will be remaining same, since the Latitude &

“DampingILError”
M P
OHemisphere are the same.
CTotal GYRO ERROR = 2.48176 W + 2.48 W = 4.96 W(H)
0 0 0
Gyro Course to Steer =0250 + 4.960 = 29.960 (G)

GYRO NUMERICAL
*** MMD Question. Came on 10th Aug’ 2016*** ATA
O L K
Q.19. A Ship with Gyro Compass uncorrected ET K for
S I
E 0
Damping & Steaming Errors, steers A ,
S 200 ( T &
B I SW
G) from position “A” in
. C. Latitude 60 0
S to “B” in
T. P
0
C P
Latitude 64 S.ADetermine the speed of the
ship, and Y
BCourse to steer from position “B” to
I LED
“A”
M Pwith Gyro Compass uncorrected.
CO
Given ( Pc : Pd = 40:1) (Remember, r = Pd : Pc )

GYRO NUMERICAL
Since, True & Gyro courses are SAME,
ATA
O L K
Then, Damping Error = Speed-Course-Lat Error.(opp. NAME)
ET K
Let, Damping Error = α
S EI
Let, Speed-Course-Lat. Error from ‘A’ to ‘B’=δ1 A S,
B I SW
C
Let, Speed-Course-Lat. Error from ‘B’
. . to ‘A’=δ
P
2
To find the “Damping Error”PT.we have,

Y C A
& 1/r = PLE: D
B
Sin α = r. Tan Latitude =(1/40) x Tan 62 (Taking the mean Latitude 62
0 0
P I P = 40:1)
c d
O M
CTherefore, α = 2.6949 W or HIGH ( Southern Hemisphere Error is
0
‘W’.)
δ1 = 2.69490 E ( Error is ‘E’ in Southerly Course)

GYRO NUMERICAL
To find the Speed of the vessel, we have, AT A
O L K
Tan δ1 =(V. Cos Co.)/900xCosLat. ± V. Sin Co.
E T K
SE I
or, Tan 2.69490 =(V.Cos2000 )/900xCos62S0 ,–V.Sin200 0
W A
Speed (V) = 20.8079 Knots. B I S
. C.
. P
Now, we will find the Speed-Course-Lat
T Error from ‘B’ to ‘A’.
C A P
Tan δ2 = (V. Cos Y
Co)/ 900 x Cos Lat ± V. Sin Co.
D B
P I LE
= (20.8079xCos20 0
)/900xCos62 0
+ 20.8079xSin20 0
M
O δ2 = 19.553/429.64 = 0.04551
CTan
or, δ2 = 2.60570 W ( N’ly Course Error is ‘W’ or H)

GYRO NUMERICAL
“Damping Error” remain SAME because Latitude ATA
OL K
& Hemisphere are SAME) ET K
EI
0S, S
Total Error = 2.6949 W + 2.6057
0
A W
B I SW
C
=5.30 W (High)
. .
T. P
P
A = 200 + 5.30 = 025.30 (G)
Gyro Course toCSteer
BY
I LED
MP
CO

GYRO NUMERICAL
*** MMD Question. Came in 7th Nov.2017*** KATA
0 KO L
Q.20. Your ship is anchored @ position 54
EIET N 060 0
E
0 , S
and Gyro Error is found to be 2ALow. S
B I SW
Find out the Course to steer
. C. for making good a
Course of 158 (T), T. P
If ship’s speed is 16 knots & in
C
0
A P
Latitude 40BYN.
0
LED
Iis @ anchored, so there will not be the
P
Vessel
M
O
C steaming (speed-course-latitude) error. Only
Damping Error will be present.
GYRO NUMERICAL
Damping Error (α) = 20 Low or ‘E’. (Given) ATA
OL K
Sin 20 = r. Tan Lat. Or, r = Sin 20 /Tan 540
ET K
S EI
r = 0.0348994967/ 1.37638192 = 0.0253559
A S,
Damping Error in Latitude 40 N, ISW
0
. B
Cx 0.8390996312
Sinα = r . Tan 40 = 0.0253559
0
T. P.
Sin α = 0.02127612634,C A P α = 1.219 0
E or LOW
B Y
Damping E
I L D
Error ( α) = 1.2190 E ( Damping Error ‘E’ in
M P
Northern Hemisphere ).
O
CNow we find the Speed-Course-Latitude Error=δ
Tan δ =( V. Cos Co.)/ 900x Cos Lat ± V. Sin Co.

GYRO NUMERICAL
Tan δ = (V. Course)/900x Cos Lat + V. Sin Course) ATA
O L K
= (16xCos158 )/900xCos40 + 16 x Sin
0 0
E T
158K0
S EI
A S,
Tan δ =(-14.83494167)/695.4337043=-0.021332
B I SW
Error δ = - 1.2224 (P-ve
0
. .
C means Error is ‘E’.)
P T.
= 1.2224
Y CA0
E.
D B
ILE = Damping Error + Steaming Error
Total PError
CO M
= 1.2190 E+ 1.22240 E = 2.44140 E
Course to steer = 1580 - 2.44140 = 155.55860 (G).
GYRO NUMERICAL
TA
Q.21. A Vessel steams for 10 hrs@ 17.5 knots on LaKA
T KO
course of 018 by Gyro Compass with the
0
S EIE Latitude
corrector set for the Latitude butAthe ,
S Course &
Speed corrector set @ zero. B I S
If W
the departure
. C .
position was Latitude T. P56 0
30’N, Longitude 000 0
C A P
20’W, and the Y observed position @ the end of the
D B
run was
P I LE Latitude 59 0
05’N, Longitude 001 0
40’E,
M
COwhat was the set and drift of the current, if any
experienced? (Assume the Gyro Compass does not
have any other errors.)
GYRO NUMERICAL
ESTIMATED
POSITION
CURRENT
ATA
KO LK
S ET
EI
A S, OBS.
CTS
B I SW POSITION
P.C.
PT.
Y C A CMG
E D B
PI L
CO M
DR Position

GYRO NUMERICAL
Dep. Position (A) Lat= 560 30’N Long=0000 20’W
ATA
Obs. Position (C) Lat= 590 05’N Long=0010 40’E
OL K
D’Lat = 020 35’N D’long= 0020 00’E
ET K
S EI
= 155’N = 120’E
Dep = D’Long x Cos m’lat= 120’x Cos 57.790 A S,
Dep = 63.960’E
B I SW
C.
T. P.
Course Made Good (AC) = Tan-1 ( Dep / D’lat)
P
= Tan ( 63.960/155)
CA
BY AC = 022.420 (T)
ED
Distance Made Good (AC) = D’lat x Sec Course = 155’x Sec 022.420
I L
MP = 167.6776 Miles
CO

GYRO NUMERICAL
Tan δ=(V. Cos Co.)/900x Cos Lat + V x Sin CO. AT A
= (16.6776xCos 22.420 )/900xCos57.79160 + 16.6776 x K O L K
Sin22.42 0
EIET
δ = 1.81667 W or High
0
, S
0 AS
Course to Steer = 0180 – 1.8170 = 16.183
B I SW (T)
Distance Steamed (AB) = 17.5 xC10
. . = 175 Miles
Course T. P
DistanceAP D’Lat Dep./D’Long
016.1830 BY
175
C 020 48.07’N 48.77’E
LE D
= IDep./Cos m’lat = 48.77/Cos57047.5’ = 001031.51’E
d’long P
O M
CDep. Position 560 30’.00’N 00 20.00’W
Estimated Position 590 18.07’N 0010 11.51’E
(d’Long= Dep/Cos m’lat= 48.8/Cos m’lat)
GYRO NUMERICAL
Estimated Position ( B) = 590 18.07’N 10 11.51’E KATA
K OL
Observed Position ( C )= 59 05.00’N 1 40.00’E
0 0
EIET
D’Lat = 13.07’S D’Long= , S
S 28.49’E
WA
B I
Dep. = D’Long x Cos m’lat. =28.49’x S Cos 59.192
.
0
P. C
= 14.59’E P T.
Y CA
D B
Tan Co. = ( Dep./D’Lat) = 14.59’/13.07’= 1.11629
P LE
I or Set =S 14.150 E
Course
O M
CDistance (BC) = D’Lat x Sec Course = 19.59 M.
Rate of Current = 19.59/ 10 = 1.959 Knots.
GYRO NUMERICAL
***MMD Question. Came in 5th Sept. 2013*** ATA
O L K
Q.22. The spinning axis of a Gyro Compass ET K
S EI
damped in tilt uncorrected for A ,
Sdamping &
B I SW
steaming errors pointing
. C. due north in latitude
T. P
0
C A P
61 S; while making good a course of 165 0
(T)
Y
B What will be the direction of
@ 20.6Dknots.
P I LE
axis
M when making good a course of 345 0
(T) @
CO13.3 knots in latitude 610 N.

GYRO NUMERICAL
For the gyro axis to point due north, the “Damping ATA
O L K
Error” should be equal and opposite to the T“Speed-
E K
Course-Latitude Error” S EI
A S,
B I SW
Let ‘δ1 ‘ be the Speed-Course-Latitude Error in Latitude
. C.
610 S.
T . P
CA P
Tan δ1 =(V. CosYCourse)/900.Cos Lat ± V. Sin Course
D B0
P I L
=(20.6.CosE 165 )/900.Cos61 0
+ 20.6 x Sin 165 0
CO M δ1 = 2.5800 E ( ‘E’ on S’ ly Course )

Damping Error (α) = 2.5800 W(‘W’ in S. Hemisphere)

GYRO NUMERICAL
0 A
Let δ2 be the Speed-Course-Latitude Error in Latitude 61A
K T
N. K OL
EIET
, S Course
Tanδ2 =(V. Cos Course)/900.Cos Lat ± V .SSin
A
0 0 W
=(13.3xCos 345 )/900 x Cos 61B–IS13.3 x Sin3450 )
C .
So, δ2 = 1.7000 W (‘W’Ton. P.N’ly Course)
A P
Damping ErrorB(Yδ)C= 2.5800 E (‘E’ in N. Hemisphere)
LED
I Error remain the same and only changes sign as
Damping
M P
O
C Latitude is the same but in different hemisphere.
the
Total Error= 1.7000 W+ 2.5800 E = 0.8800 E.
Gyro Course = 3450 - 0.8800 = 344.120 (G).
GYRO NUMERICAL
*** MMD Question. Came in 7th May 2013*** ATA
OL K
Q.23. A Gyro damped in azimuth hadEIthe ET K
corrector for speed and Latitude , S
S set @ 0
W A
I S
B in Latitude 320 S
.
(zero). The ship at 18Cknots
.
. P
T (G). What is the Gyro
was on courseA321
C P 0
BY
transit bearing of a set of lights, if the charted
I LED
M P
transit bearing was 177 0
(T).
CO

GYRO NUMERICAL
The Gyro is damped in azimuth, so there is no Damping ATA
OL K
Error, only Steaming Error ( Speed-Course- Latitude
ET K Error)
will be present. S E I
S ,
Let, the Speed-Course-Latitude ErrorW =Aδ
B I S
Tanδ=(V. Cos Course)/900 x.CosC . Lat ± V. Sin Course
T. P 0
0
CA
=(18x Course321 )/900x P Cos 32 -18x Sin 321 0
B Y774.5710535 = 0.01805983744
LED
= 13.98862731 /
TanM PI
δ =0.01805983744
CO δ = 1.03460 W ( Error is ‘W’ in N’ly Course)

GYRO NUMERICAL
A
“Speed-Course-Latitude Error” directly change proportionally TA
O L K
with Cosine of Course.
ET K
So, Speed-Course-Latitude Error = δ1 SE I
S,
ACo.
Tan δ =(V. Cos Co.)/900 x Cos Lat ± V.
1
B I SWSin
. C.
=(18x Cos177 )/900xCos32
T. P 0
+ 18x Sin 177
0 0
Tan δ = -0.02352221488
C A P
1
BY
I L D
Error δ =-E1.347 E ( -ve means Error is “E” or LOW
0
P
1
C O
GyroM Transit bearing will be ( 177 -1.347 )=175.653 (G)
0 0 0

GYRO NUMERIAL
*** MMD Question. Came in 5th Nov. 2013*** AT A
O L K
MMD Question. Came in 11th Jan. 2022
ET K
S I
E uncorrected
Q.24. The axis of a gyro-compass damped in
A , tilt,
S points due
for Speed-Course error and damping
B I SW error,
north in latitude 610 N, when
. C. making good a course of 345 0
(T) and speed of 20 P T . P

knots.
C A
Y of 700 N, Course is required to altered
B
On reaching latitude
D
I
2050P(T)LEand the speed to be reduced to 15 knots. Calculate
O M
C combined Speed-Course and damping error on the new
the
course, and also the gyro-compass to steer then. (Assume
the gyro-compass does not have any other errors.)

GYRO NUMERIAL
When Gyro point due north, the damping error and Speed-Course-
ATA
Latitude Error will be numerically same with differnt NAME. OL K
ET K
To find the Speed-Course in latitude 610 N.
S EI
Tan δ=(V. Cos Co.)/ 900xCos Lat ± V. Sin Co. A S,
=(20x Cos 3450 )/900x Cos 610 - 20 x Sin 3450 B I SW
C.
=( 19.3185)/ 441.50503
T. P.
CA P
Error ‘δ’ = 2.50540 W or High ( Error will be ‘H’ in N’ly Course)
BY
I LED
Damping Error ‘α’=2.50540 E (Error will be ‘E’ in Northern Hemisphere)
MP
Damping Error Sinα = r. Tan Latitude
CO
or, Sin2.50540 = r. Tan 610 or, r= 0.024230813

GYRO NUMERICAL
To find Speed-Course-Lat Error (δ) in latitude 700 N.
ATA
We have,
OL K
ET K
Tan δ=( V. Cos Co.)/900x Cos Lat ± V. Sin Co.
S EI
=(15x Cos 2050 )/900x Cos700 -15x Sin 2050
A S,
Tan δ = (-13.5946)/314.15737
B I SW
.
Steaming Error ‘δ’ = 2.47780 E ( - ve means Error is ‘E’ or LOW.)
C
. P.
Damping Error ‘α’ in latitude 700 N is given by,
T
CA P
Sin α = r. Tan Latitude. Or, Sinα = 0.024230813x Tan 70 0
BY
Damping Error ‘α = 3.81550 E ( Error is ‘E’ in N. Hemisphere)
I LED
The Net Error = Damping Error + Speed-Course-Latitude Error
MP =3.81550 E + 2.47780 E = 6.29330 E or LOW
CO
The Gyro Course to steer 2050 - 6.29330 = 198.70670 (G) Ans.
Gyro Course LEAST Error EAST
Gyro Course BEST Error WEST

GYRO NUMERICAL
***MMD Question. Came in Nov. 2013*** A TA
O L K
Q.25. a)Derive the expression for Steaming Error
E T Kon a
S EI
marine Gyro Compass.
A S, 10
b) A vessel on a certain courseB I W
S@ the equator had a
. C .
T
0
P
Steaming Error of 1 . (HIGH). In another Latitude
when ship wasCon A Pthe same course & speed, gyro
BY
bearings
I LEDof two objects in transit gave an Error of 2 0
M P Assuming there were no other errors, find the

HIGH.
COLatitude @ the second instant.
15

GYRO NUMERICAL
Steaming Error (δ1) = ( V. Cos Course)/5π. Cos Lat
ATA
1 = ( V. Cos θ)/5π x Cos Lat
0
OL K
( Where, V = Speed, θ = Course π = 180 )
ET K
I
c 0
1 = (V. Cos θ ) /5π x Cos 0 ( @ the Equator Latitude is zero).

0 0
, S E
V. Cos θ = 5π ----------------------(i)
A S
In another Latitude,
B I SW
Steaming Error (δ ) =( V. Cos θ)/5π. Cos Latitude.
. C.
2
T . P
2 = ( V. Cosθ )/ 5π. Cos Latitude
P
0
C A
Y(ii) we get, 10π x Cos Latitude = 5π
Or, V. Cosθ = 10π x Cos Latitude -------(ii)
D
Comparing Equation (i) B &
P I L
or, Cos LatitudeE=5π/10π or, Cos Latitude = ½ = 0.5
CO M
Latitude = 60 North or South.
0

GYRO NUMERICAL
**** MMD QUESTION, came in Feb. 2020 **** ATA
O L K
Q.26. A Vessel sails along the meridian ET K
from
S EI
A ,
Sher “Damped
440S to 750S in 86.06 hours using SW
. B I
in-Tilt” Gyro Compass P. C
(eccentricity 1/36) & five
PT.
days later returned
Y CA back to her original
D B
I
location,
P LE in 77.97 hours. Using her “Damped-in
O M
C-Azimuth” Gyro Compass. Find the Gyro Course
steered on each leg.
GYRO NUMERICAL
From latitude 440S to 750S,
ATA
So, d’lat= 75 S – 44 S = 31 S
0 0 0
OL K
ET K
d’lat = 31 x60’= 1860’ =1860 miles
0
S EI
Time taken= 86.06 hours A S,
B I SW
.
Speed of the vessel = 1860 ÷C86.06
.
T. P
= 21.6128 knots.
C A P
Vessel sailing BY the meridian from 440S to
along
LE D
750M PI course is 1800 (T)
S. So,
O is “Damped-in-tilt”, so both the error damping
CGyro
error (Latitude Error) and Speed - Course-
Latitude Error (Steaming Error) will be there.
GYRO NUMERICAL
Let damping error = α
Sinα = r. tan(latitude) ATA
O L K
= (1/36) x tan 59030’
ET K
S EI
= 0.047157308
A S,
α = Sin (0.047157308)
-1
B I SW
= 2.70290W( Error is ‘West’ . C.
because in Southern Hemisphere)
T . P
Y C AP error = δ1
Let speed-course-latitude
D B
tanδ = { V. Cos(Course)}/{900xCos(lat) ± V.Sin(Course)
1
I LE
M =P(21.6128xCos180 )/(900xCos59 30’+21.6128Sin180 )
0 0 0
CO = - 21.6128/(456.7845267+0)
= - 0.047315087

GYRO NUMERICAL
δ1= -2.70890 E (Error is ‘E’ in Southerly Course)
= 2.70890E
ATA
OL K
Total Error = Damping Error + Steaming Error
ET K
= 2.70290W + 2.70890E SEI
A S,
= 0.0060 E (Low)
W
0
0 I
B S
C.
Gyro Course to Steer = 180 - 0.0060
0
.
= 179.99400(G) PT. P
≈1800(G) Y C
A
D B
I L
While return
P E back the same place,
M
O = 1860 miles (same)
CDistance
Time taken = 77.97,
Speed = 1860÷77.97
= 23.855 knots
GYRO NUMERICAL
Course = 0000(T)
Damped-in-Azimuth, there will not be damping
ATA
OL K
error (Latitude Error), only speed-course
ET K
-latitude (Steaming) error will be present.
S E I
Let speed-course-latitude error = δ2 A S,
B I SW
tanδ = (V . Cos Course)/(900.CosLat
. C. ± V . Sin Course )
2
T. P
C A P
= (23.855 x Cos 000 )/{(900 Cos 59 30’) ± 23.855xSin000 }
0 0 0
B Y
= (23.855/456.7845267)
I LED
= 0.052223747
δO M P
C = 2.989 W (High Error)
0
Gyro Course to steer = 0000 + 2.9890

= 002.9890(G)
≈ 0030(G)
GYRO NUMERICAL
**** MMD QUESTION, came in May, 2017 **** ATA
O L K
Q.27. A Vessel sails along the meridian ET K
from
S EI
600S to 530S in 21 hours usingWher
,
AS “Damped
B I S
C.
in-Tilt” Gyro CompassP.(eccentricity 1/40) & a
PT .
day later returned
Y CA back to her original
D B
I
location,
P LE in 15 hours, using her “Damped-in
O M
C-Azimuth” Gyro Compass. Find the Gyro Course
She is steering on each of the leg.
GYRO NUMERICAL
From latitude 600S to 530S,
ATA
So, d’lat= 60 S – 53 S = 7 N
0 0 0
OL K
ET K
d’lat = 7 x60’= 420’ =420 miles
0
S EI
Time taken= 21 hours A S,
B I SW
Speed of the vessel = 420 ÷ 21
. C.
T. P
= 20 knots.
CA P
BY the meridian from 600S to 530S.
Vessel sailing along
L ED
I is Northerly or 0000(T). Gyro is “Damped-
P
So, course
M
O
Cin-tilt”, so both the error damping error (Latitude
Error) and Speed - Course- Latitude Error
(Steaming Error) will be there.
GYRO NUMERICAL
Let damping error = α
Sinα = r. tan(latitude) ATA
L K
= (1/40) x tan 56030’
ET KO
S EI
= 0.037770879
A S,
α = Sin (0.037770879)
-1
B I S W
= 2.1646268540W . C .
T . P
≈ 2.20W ( Southern
C A P Hemisphere Error “W”)
Y
I LE DB
Let speed-course-latitude error = δ1
tanδM=P{ V. Cos(Course)}/{900xCos(lat)± V. Sin(Course)
CO
1
= (20xCos0000)/(900xCos56030’+20.Sin0000)
= {20/(496.7432868+0)}
= 0.040262245
GYRO NUMERICAL
δ1= tan-1(0.040262245)
= 2.30560 W (Error is ‘W’ in Northerly Course)
ATA
L K
= 2.30560W
ET KO
Total Error = Damping Error + Steaming Error S EI
A S,
= 2.20W + 2.30 W
B I SW
= 4.5 W (High)
0
. C.
0. P 0
P
Gyro Course to Steer = 000
A T + 4.5
= 004.50(G)
B Y C
I L
While returnE D
back the same place,
M P
O = 420 miles (same)
CDistance
Time taken = 15,
Speed = 420÷15
= 28knots
GYRO NUMERICAL
Course = 1800(T)
Damped-in-Azimuth, there will not be damping error
ATA
(Latitude Error), only speed-course-latitude (Steaming) OL K
ET K
error will be present.
S EI
Let, speed-course-latitude error = δ2
A S ,
tanδ = (V . Cos Course)/(900.CosLat ± VB I SW
. Sin Course )
2
. C .
0
T . P
= (28 x Cos 180 )/{(900 Cos 56 30’)±28xSin180
0 0
}
C
= (-28/496.7432868) +0 A P
= -0.056367143BY
I LE D
M P
δ = -3.226185483 0
O
2
C ≈ 3.23 E( -ve sign indicates error is ‘E’)

0
or Southerly Course error will be ‘E’ or low

Gyro Course to steer = 1800 - 3.230
= 176.770(G)
GYRO COMPASS
Q.28. A vessel with a gyro compass uncorrected for ATA
L K
“damping” & “course-speed” errors, steers 2100T(TKO & G),
S EIE
0
A S,
from position “A” in latitude 59 S to position “B” in
I
latitude 61 S. Find the speed ofBthe
0 W
S vessel,
C .
. P. from “B to A”, with the gyro
and the gyro course toTsteer
compass remaining CA P
uncorrected. The gyro compass is
BY
D
dampedILinE tilt with damping precession 1/40 of control
M P
O
Cprecession.
(Assume the gyro compass does not have any other
errors)
GYRO COMPASS
Since ‘T’ & ‘G’ Course are same, i.e. 2100 (G) & (T)
ATA
“Damping Error” = Speed-Course-Latitude Error( But OPPOSITE in NAME)
OL K
E T K
Also Gyro does not have any other error.
S EI
Let, Damping Error = α
A S ,
Speed’-Course-Latitude Error from ‘A’ to ‘B’ =δ1
I SW
Speed-Course-Latitude Error from ‘B’ to ‘ .A B
P . C ’ =δ
2
P T.
To find the Damping Error we have,
Sin α = r x Tan Latitude CA
Sin α = (1/40) x D B Y
P E Tan 60 ( working with the mean Latitude)
IL ( α )= 2.48176 W ( Error is ‘W’ in Southern Hemisphere
0
M
Damping Error 0
O
C the above, we have, δ = 2.48176 E ( Error ‘E’ on S’LY Course)
From 1
0

GYRO COMPASS
To find the SPEED, ATA
O L K
K
IET Co.
Tan δ1 =(V. Cos Co.)/900x Cos Lat ± V.ESin
S
A S,
Tan(2.48176 )=(V Cos 210 IS.)/900xCos60
0 0
W 0
-V
Sin210 C. B
0
T. P.
C
Speed (V) = 21.971A P Knots.
BY
FindingI LED
the ‘Speed-Course-Latitude Error’ from
M P
O
C ‘B’ to ‘A’.
Tan δ2 =(V. Cos Co.)/900x Cos Lat. ± V. Sin Co.
GYRO COMPASS
Tan δ2 =(V. Cos Co.)/900x Cos Lat ± V.Sin Co. A TA
OL K
= (21.971x Cos 30 )/900x Cos 60 +21.971xSin30 E T K
0 0
S EI 0
Error δ2 = 2.36361 W 0 A S ,
B I SW
‘Damping Error’ remains . C .
the same since the
T. P
A P
latitude and hemisphere
C are the same.
BY
Total Error
I LED= Damping Error + Steaming Error
M P
CO = 2.363610 W+ 2.481760 W= 4.85410 W or HIGH
Gyro CTS = 34.850 (G)

GYRO COMPASS
*** MMD QUESTION. Came in Aug. 2017*** ATA
O L K
Q.29. a) Derive an expression for Steaming Error of a Gyro K
Compass. 15EIET
, S
S the equator is 20 .
b) Steaming Error of a Gyro CompassAon
B I SW
Allowing for the same speed and
. . course, what will be the
C0 52’? 10
Steaming Error in Latitude
T. P32
Let, Steaming Error C =Aδ
P
Y
B= V. Cos Co./ 5π . Cos Latitude
ED
We have, Error
I L
2O=VM .P
Cos Co./ 5π x Cos 00 ( @ Equator Lat =00 )
COr, V. Cos Co. = 10π -------------------(i)

GYRO NUMERICAL
Second case, to find the Steaming Error @ LKATA
Latitude 36 52’.
0
T KO
S EIE
Let, Steaming Error = δ A S,
B I SW
So, δ = V. Cos Co. / 5π .Cos C. Latitude
T. P
CA
= V. Cos Co./5 P π x Cos 32 0
52’
BY
=I LE
V. D
Cos Co./ 5π x 0.8399357285
M P
O V. Cos Co. = δ x 5π x 0.8399357285 --------(ii)
COr,

GYRO NUMERICAL
Comparing equation (i) & (ii), ATA
OL K
We have, δ x 5π x 0.8399357285 = 10π ET K
S EI
So, δ = 2.380 E or WW
,
AS or HIGH)
( LOW
B I S
In the question above, . C.
the course is not given &
T. P
Latitude alsoCnot A P mention whether north or
BY
south,I LED
so we cannot be sure about the error is
M P
CO‘E’ or ‘W’.

GYRO NUMERICAL
Q. 30. The auxiliary corrector of a gyro compass T A
damped in tilt was inadverently left at ‘Zero Speed’ L K A&
T KO
‘Zero Latitude’. The vessel was steeringS030 EIE 0
by gyro
at 18 knots. In 48 N Latitude and
0 S,
A made good
also
B I SW
course of 030 (T). Find theC.gyro course steered by the
0
T. P.
CA P
vessel if she is making good a course of 060 0
(T) at a
B
speed of 15knotsY in 590S latitude with the auxiliary
LED
I still left to ‘Zero’ speed and latitude
P
correctors
M
O
Csetting. (Auxiliary there is no current throughout and
also the gyro compass is not having any other errors)
MMD QUESTION 6th Nov., 2020.
GYRO NUMERICAL
Ans.
tan = (VCosCourse)/(900CosLat. ± VSinCourse) ATA
OL K
= (18Cos300)/(900Cos480+18Sin300)
ET K
= (15.58845727)/(602.2175457+9) S EI
A S,
= (15.58845727)/(611.2175457)ISW
C. B
= 0.025503942
T. P.
 = 1.460951533 W 0
C A P
or High
B Y
I L D
(SteamingEError = Damping Error but opposite in NAME)
M
DampingP Error = 1.4609515330E
O
CSin(1.460951533 0
) = r.tan480
r = Sin(1.4609515330)/tan480 = 0.022956387
Damping Factor = 0.022956387
GYRO NUMERICAL
Damping Error in latitude 590 S
Sin = r.tan(Latitde)
ATA
= 0.022956347.tan590
OL K
= 0.037106174
ET K
a = Sin-1(0.037106174)
S EI
a = 2.1265153430W ( Error is West in Southern Hemisphere)
A S,
Let, Steaming Error in latitude 590S is 
B I SW
tan = (VCosCourse)/(900CosLat. ± VSinCourse)
C.
= (15Cos600)/(900Cos590+ 15Sin600)
T. P.
CA
= (7.5)/(463.5342674+12.99038106)P
B Y
= (7.5)/(476.5246485)
LED
= 0.015738955
I
MP
d = 0.9017012450W
O
C Error = Damping Error + Steaming Error
Total
= 2.1265153430W+0.9017012450W
= 3.028165880W or High
 30W or High
Gyro Course to Steer = 0600 + 30 = 0630(G)
MAKING GYRO NORTH SEEKING
Q. 31. Assuming that the peripheral speed of the
ATA
Earth is 540 knots in 54 N latitude, find the error
0
O L K
of the gyro compass when making good ETaKcourse
S EI
of 175 (T) at 21 knots in the Indian
0
A ,
S Ocean
I SW
B compass was,
(latitude 29 42’S). If theCgyro
0
. .
. P
PT
a) Damped- in-CAAzimuth.
B Y
b) DampedI LED –in Tilt.
M P
C(6Oth Feb., 2017)
MMD Question came in Feb. 2017.

Ans.
a) When gyro is damped in Azimuth, then the dampingLKA T A
error (latitude error) is Nil. T KO
S IE
E be present.
Only speed-course-latitude (steaming error)
A S, will
When latitude 540N, then steaming B I SWerror will be
. C.
. P
tan = (VCosCourse)/(ΩCosLat.±VSinCourse)
T
= (21.Cos175Y 0 CA
P
)/(540.Cos540 + 21.Sin1750)
D B
I LE
= -20.92008866/(317.4040362+
P 1.830270598)
M
CO= -20.92008866/319.2343068
= -0.065532081
 = 3044’57.66’’E or Low (-ve means error is low or E)
b) When damped- in - tilt,then both the error as
ATA
well as damping error and steaming error will
OL Kbe
present. ET K
S EI
Damping Error = r .tanLat. WAS
,
B I S
Sin = r. tanLat. P. C.
PT .
Y CA
= 1/40.tan(29 0
42’)
D B
P=I LE
0.014259748
M
CO  = 0.8170510820 W(or High)

tan = (VCosCourse)/(ΩCosLat.± VSinCourse)
0LKA
TA
= (21.Cos1750)/(540.Cos29042’+ 21.Sin175 O )
T K
EIE
= (- 20.92008866)/469.0610178+, S1.830270598)
A S
= - 20.92008866/470.8912884
B I SW
. C.
= -0.044426578 T. P
CA P
BY
d = 2.543782738 0
E ( Low)
LED
I = (damping error + steaming error)
Total
M P
Error
O
C = 0.8170510820W + 2.5437827380E
= 1.7267316560E (or Low)
PERFORMANCE TEST
After the Gyro is installed and sometimes even after major overhaul &
ATA
OL
repairs to a ship requiring long lay up, performance tests are done K
ET K
S EI
to verify the settling position of the Gyro and to ascertain the
S,
damping percentage and even the period of the compass. After
A
SW
starting the compass, the operation mainly consists of observing
B I
C.
and noting down the time and reading of the maximum swing of the
T. P.
compass on either side of the apparent ship’s head From the data so
CA P
gathered, the period of the compass, damping factor and settling
BY
I LED
position are all computed. The final settling position of the compass
P
as actually observed is compared with the calculated value to find
M
COthe reliability of the test. The period of the compass will be the time
taken from the initial time @ maximum swing to the final settling
time.

PERFORMANCE TEST
ATA
KO LK
S EI ET
A S,
B I SW
P.C.
PT.
Y C A
E D B
PI L
CO M

PERFORMANCE TEST
If any three consecutive extreme readings of a Gyro ATA
O L K
compass while its axis is describing the spiral
E T K during
the process of settling down are known, S EI then the
A S ,
B W
Theoretical Settling Point canISbe calculated as
C.
follows. Let A be theP.Easterly
0
( or Westerly)
PT.
extreme reading
Y CAof the Gyro compass while the axis
D
is describingB the spiral before settling down.
P I LE
Let
O MB 0
be the next Westerly ( or Easterly) extreme
C reading.

PERFORMANCE TEST
And let C0 be the next Easterly (or Westerly) LKATA
reading. T KO
S EIE
Let S be the Theoretical Settling
0
A ,
SPoint.
I SW
Then, Damping Factor. (Cf. )B=(B0 –C0 )/(A0 –B0 )
T. P
The PercentageCA P
Damping = (1- f) x 100
BY
The Period
I LED of the Compass is the time interval
M P
CObetween the instants of A & C.

PERFORMANCE TEST
When the Gyro Compass finally settle down, theKATA
KOL
actual settling point can be known. If the E T
S E I
theoretical settling point as calculated
A S, above and
the actual settling point are B I W
Spractically the same,
. C.
( say the difference T . P
is less than 0.5 0
), the
performance CA P
can be deemed satisfactory.
B Y
SettlingI LED
Position=B + {(A ̴ B) x ( B ̴C)}/{(A ̴B)+(B ̴C)}.
M P
CO

PERFORMANCE TEST
• Q.32.Performance Test of a stationary Gyro-Compass A TA
O L K
gave the following readings:-
ET K
S I
E 50m 03s
First extreme swing to one side-0600 @13h
A S ,
I
Next extreme swing to other side-350
B SW 0
@ 14h 36m 32s.
C.
P. side-0110 @ 15h 15m 22s.
Next extreme swing toT.first
C A P
B Y
The gyro compass finally settled @ a reading of 006 0
.
LED
I the damping factor, percentage damping,
Calculate
M P
C O
and the theoretical settling position. State if the test
was satisfactory.

PERFORMANCE TEST
ATA
KO LK
S EI ET
A S,
B I SW
P.C.
PT.
Y C A
E D B
PI L
CO M

PERFORMANCE TEST
Damping Factor =(B ̴C)÷(A ̴ B)=(3500 ̴0110 ) ÷(600 ̴3500 ). ATA
O L K
Damping Factor = 21 / 70 =0.3
0 0
E T K
Damping Percentage = (1 - 0.3) x 100 =70%, SE I
A S
B W
Theoretical settling position = B+(AIS̴B ) (B ̴C)/(B ̴C) + ( A ̴B) =
350 + (70x 21)/(21+70) P. C
0 .
PT.
Y C A = 00 6.15 0
D
Actual SettlingBpoint = 0060
I LE
P Difference = 0.150
O
CTheM
difference is less than 0.50 , so test is satisfactory.

PERFORMANCE TEST
Q.33. The observation of a performance test made on a gyro ATA
O L K
compass were as follows :-
E T K
First extreme Easterly reading ------040 @S----
0 I
E 1433h.
A ,
S@ -----1519h.
Second extreme Westerly reading –350
B I SW 0
. C
Second extreme Easterly reading . –--005 0
@ ----1558h.
T. P
Calculate :-
CA P
Y
B Factor.
I LED
a) The Damping
b) MTheP Percentage Damping.
Cc)O The Period of the Compass.
d) The Theoretical Settling Position.

PERFORMANCE TEST
ATA
KO LK
S EI ET
A S,
B I SW
P.C.
PT.
Y C A
E D B
PI L
CO M

PERFORMANCE TEST
a) The Damping Factor(f) = q/p =(B0 ̴C0 )/(A0 ̴ B0 )
ATA
= (3500 ̴0050 )/( 0400 ̴ 3500 ) = 150 / 500 = 0.3
OL K
ET K
b) Percentage Damping = ( 1- f ) x100= (1-0.3)x100 = 70%
S EI
c) The Period of the Compass= 1558-1433=85min.
A S,
I SW
d) The Theoretical Settling Position= B0 + (A0 ̴B0 )(B0 ̴C0 )/(A0 ̴B0 ) +
B
( B0 ̴C0 )
C.
T. P.
= 3500 + (500 x 150 )/ (500 +150 )
CA P
Y
= 3500 + 11.540
B
= 001.540
I LED
MP
CO

PERFORMANCE TEST
Q.34. During a Performance Test, the following ATA
OL K
peaks were observed: ET K
S EI
A= 083 0
A S,
B I SW
B= 0390 . C.
T. P
C= 054 0
CA P
BY
Calculate
I L EDthe Settling Position and the
M P
COpercentage of Damping.

PERFORMANCE TEST
ATA
KO LK
S EI ET
A S,
B I SW
P.C.
PT.
Y C A
E D B
PI L
CO M

PERFORMANCE TEST
Here, p = (A0 ̴ B0 ) = (0830 ̴ 0390 ) = 440 ATA
OL K
q= ( B ̴C ) = (039 ̴054 ) = 15 IET
0 0 0 0 0 K
, S E
Settling Position = B0 + (p x q) W /( Ap S+ q)
B I S
= 039P0. +C.(440 x 150 )/(440 +150 )
P T. 0
Y C A= 039 + 011.2 0
= 050.2 0
D B
Damping
P I LE Factor (f) = q / p = 15 0
/44 0
= 0.341
O M
CDamping Percentage =( 1- f) x100 = (1- 0.341)x100
= 65.9%

GYRO NUMERICAL
Q. 35. ATA
OL K
ET K
S EI
A S,
B I SW
C.
T. P.
CA P
BY
I LED
MP
CO

GYRO PERFORMANCE
IMO Recommendations on Performance
T A
Standards for Gyro Compass OLKA
ET K
The following are the salient features S EIof the IMO
A S,
recommendations on performance B I SW standards of
. C .
gyro compasses. For T. P
full text, reference should
A P
be made D Y CIMO resolution A 424(XI)
toBthe
P I LE
adopted
O M at the assembly on 15 th
November,
C
1997.

GYRO PERFORMANCE
These recommendations are:
1. The gyro compass required by regulation 12 Lof AT A
O K
chapter V of the International Convention ET Kfor the
S EI
safety of Life at Sea 1974, should
A ,
S determine the
SW to geographic
direction of ship’s head.inBIrelation
P. C
(True) north.
PT .
Y C
2. The true heading
A is the horizontal angle between
D B
LE
thePIvertical plane passing through the true
O M
C meridian and the vertical plane passing through
the ship’s fore and aft datum line. It is measured
clockwise from the north (0000 ) through 3600 .
GYRO PERFORMANCE
3. The Compass is said to be settled if any three KATA
K O L
readings taken @ intervals of 30 min, when ET the
S EI
compass is on a level and stationary
A S, base, are
within a band of 0.7 . BIS
0 W
. C.
4. The settling pointT. P
heading is the mean value of
CA P
10 readingsBYtaken @ 20 min intervals after the
LED
I is settled.
compass
M P
O
C5. The settling point error is the difference between
the settling point reading & the true heading.

GYRO PERFORMANCE
6. The other errors to which the gyro compass is subject AT A
O L K
are taken as the difference between the observed
E T K
value and the settling point reading. , SE I
A S
SW
7. The Compass Card should be Igraduated
B at intervals of
C.
1 or a fraction thereofP.starting
0
from 0000 clockwise
through 3600 . CAA PT.
numerical indication must be
BY 100 .
providedDevery
P I LE
M
8. Adequate illumination should be provided to enable
COreading of the scales @ all times. Facilities for
dimming should be provides.

GYRO PERFORMANCE
9. When switched on in accordance with ATA
O L K
manufacturer’s instructions the compass ET Kshould
S I
E 600 .
settled within 6 hours in Latitude
A S, upto
10. The settle point errorC.@ I SW
B any heading and at
. P.
any Latitude up PtoT 600 should not exceed ±0.75
CA
Ylatitude where the settling point is
x Secant ofB
LED
I as stated in (4) above. The repeatability
P
decided
M
O
C of settle point error from one run up to another
shall be within 0.25 x Secant latitude.

GYRO PERFORMANCE
11. In operation when rolling and pitching with a simple ATA
O L K
harmonic motion of any period between 6 & 15 seconds,
ET K
a maximum angle of 5 and the maximumShorizontal
0
EI
acceleration of 0.22m/s2 is acceptable. A S ,
B I SW
C.
12. In operation, the repeatability
. of settling point error of
T. P
master compass shall
C A P be within ±1 0
x Secant latitude
B Y
when the equipment is continuously operating even in
presenceI LEDof normal variations of power supply or under
M P
COcondition of variation, humidity and change of
temperature likely to be experienced in the ship in which
it is installed.

GYRO PERFORMANCE
13. In Latitude up to 600 :- ATA
O L K
a) The residual steady error after correction E T Kof
S EI
speed and course influence @Aspeed S , of 20knots
B I S
shall not exceed ±0.25x. SecantW of latitude.
P. C
. alteration of speed of
b) The error due toPTrapid
Y CA
20knots should
B not exceed ±2 0
.
L ED
c) M
ThePI error due to rapid alteration of course of
CO 1800 @ a speed of 20knots should not exceed
±30 .

GYRO PERFORMANCE
d) The transient and steady state error due to ship rolling,ATA
pitching, yawing with simple harmonic motion ofKany O L K
period between 6 and 15 seconds, maximum EIE T
angle of
S, S
20 , 10 and 5 respectively and maximum
0 0 0
W A horizontal
B I S
acceleration not exceeding 1m/s
. C. 2
should not exceed ±10 x
Secant Latitude. T. P
CA P
14. The maximum B Y difference in reading between the master
compassI LE D
and any repeater under all operational
M P
Oconditions shall not exceed ±0.50 . When a compass is
C used for purposes other than steering & bearing, a higher
accuracy may be required.

GYRO PERFORMANCE
In such cases, to ensure the maximum error does not
ATA
exceed the limits stated above; it may be necessary to
O L K
ET K
pay particular attention when siting the master
S EI compass.
S,
15. Means should be incorporated forAprotection
B I SW
. C.
of the equipment from excessive currents and voltages,
T. P
C A P
transient and accidental reversal of power supply polarity.
BYis made for operating the equipment
16. If provisions
LED
I than one source of electrical energy,
fromM P
more
O
Carrangements for rapidly changing from one source of
supply to the other should be incorporated.

GYRO PERFORMANCE
17. Steps should be taken to eliminate A
K AT
electromagnetic interference between gyro
K O L
compass and other equipment. Each EIETunit
S, S
should be marked with minimum WA safe distance
B I S
C.
@ which it may be Pmounted
. from a standard
PT.
or a steeringCcompass.
Y A
D B
18. TheILEmaster compass and repeaters used for
M P
COtaking visual bearings should be installed with
their fore & aft datum line of the ship to
within ±0.50 .
GYRO PERFORMANCE
19.Means should be provided for correctingLKATA
speed and latitude error. T KO
S EIE
20. An automatic alarm should Abe ,
S provided to
I SW
B compass system.
indicate major faults C in. the
T. P.
A P
21. The systemCshould be designed to enable
heading BY
information to be provided to other
I LED
M P
COnavigational aids such as radar, D/F, Auto-pilot.

GYRO PERFORMANCE
22. The equipment should be constructed and ATA
OL K
installed in such a way that it is readilyET K
S EI
S
accessible for maintenance purposes.
A , The
B I
equipment should also. indicateSW the
P. C
T.
manufacturer’sPname, type and/or number.
C A
Y also be provided to enable
Inform should
B
LED
I staff to operate and maintain the
P
ship’s
M
O
C equipment efficiently.

Q. Explain with suitable sketches any one arrangement for making a free
gyroscope to a North seeking gyro. (6th May,2019)
A T A
O L K
E T K
The requirement of a gyro is that it must settle down and maintain a fixed
direction with respect to earth. This settling position should also
S E I be stable, i.e, if
S
the gyro is disturbed, it must return back to this direction.
A ,
The controlled gyro will not settle in a fixed W
B I
oscillate about the meridian. To damp the. unwanted
S direction in any meridian but will
perpendicular to the first one has.toPbe. C ocscillation another torque
the direction perpendicularA

T introduced which will cause precession in
toPthe original precession. In figure 1,2 & 3. the drift
is measured along theB Y C
X-axis and tilt along the Y-axis.
L E D
I of top heavy effect the torque which was about the horizontal
M P
With the help
O
axis gave precession about the vertical axis. If we can now introduce a torque
C the vertical axis, it will produce precession about horizontal axis. The
about
magnitude and direction of this force should be pre-calculated to achieve
required damping of oscillation. This is referred to as Damping in Tilt whereas in
case of Bottom Heavy Effect, it is referred as Damping is in Azimuth.
ATA
KO LK
S EI ET
A S,
B I SW
P.C.
PT.
Y C A
E D B
PI L
CO M

To achieve damping in tilt, the point of application of the control
force (i.e., torque about horizontal axis which was due to the top ATA
O L K
ET K
heavy effect) is offset slightly to the East of the vertical, resulting in a
component of the same force producing a torque about
S E I the vertical
A
axis, the resulting precession about the horizontal S, axis will ensure
B I
that the amplitude of oscillation is reduced S W and the gyro finally
. C .
settles in the meridian.
T . P
The amount of offsetin
C A PSperry mark XIV Gyro equipment is 3 mm
as shown in figureB Yand the trace of the North end of the axis will
I L ED
M P
now be as shown in figure 4, finally settling down in the meridian.
O
The breakup of force in the directions is as shown in figure. With
Crefrence to figure 5, the amplitude of each oscillation is reduced to
1/3rd of the previous oscillation and there the resulting in the axis
finally settling down in the meridian.
ATA
KO LK
S EI ET
A S,
B I SW
P.C.
PT.
Y C A
E D B
PI L
CO M

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ATA

Prepared By Capt. P.C. Biswas

Prepared By Capt. P.C. Biswas

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hours of mean solar time.

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*** “ Tilting” is downward ( or – ve ), when Azimuth is 1800 to 3600

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This precessionCwould A P exactly counteract a westerly D g

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P N-end of the axis after 8

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