UNIT 2.

1
REPORTER

JUNIO
UNIT 2.2
REPORTER

WENCESLAO
VALLESTERO
UNIT 2.3
REPORTERS

IBAÑEZ
SORINGA
UNIT 2.4
REPORTERS

AMOR, ALBARANDO,
ABO-ABO
UNIT 2.5
REPORTERS

GONZALES
ALCANTARA
UNIT 2.6
REPORTERS

AMO
JIMENEZ
 UNIT 2.7

SOLIVA, SORIANO,
GALLONES
MARK JOSEPH JUNIO

RECAP
UNIT 1

Recap
Recap Questions:
Questions:

1 2 3 4 5
UNIT 1

Recap
Recap Questions:
Questions:
it is a sudden, calamitous occurrence that causes great
harm, injury, destruction, and devastation to life and
property

1 2 3 4 5
UNIT 1

Recap
Recap Questions:
Questions:
Answer:

Disaster

1 2 3 4 5
UNIT 1

Recap
Recap Questions:
Questions:

it occurs when an extreme natural event is destructive to

human life and property.

1 2 3 4 5
UNIT 1

Recap
Recap Questions:
Questions:

Answer:

Hazard

1 2 3 4 5
UNIT 1

Recap
Recap Questions:
Questions:

this is defined as “the combination of the probability of

an event and its negative consequences”

1 2 3 4 5
UNIT 1

Recap
Recap Questions:
Questions:
Answer:

Risk

1 2 3 4 5
UNIT 1

Recap
Recap Questions:
Questions:
it is a condition determined by physical, social, economic, and
environmental factors or processes, which increase the
susceptibility of a community to the impact of a hazard.

1 2 3 4 5
UNIT 1

Recap
Recap Questions:
Questions:
Answer:

Vulnerability

1 2 3 4 5
UNIT 1

Recap
Recap Questions:
Questions:

it is the elements at risk from a natural or man-

made hazard event

1 2 3 4 5
UNIT 1

Recap
Recap Questions:
Questions:
Answer:

Exposure

1 2 3 4 5
UNIT
UNIT 22

EXPOSURE
EXPOSURE AND
AND
VULNERABILITY
VULNERABILITY
Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction COR 11
You shouldbe
You should beable
ableto:to:
• enumerate elements exposed to hazards
1

• explain the meaning of vulnerability

2

• explain why certain sectors are more vulnerable to disasters than others
3

• analyze why certain structures are more vulnerable to specific hazards than others
4

• determine the elements that are exposed to a hazard

5

• recognize vulnerabilities of certain elements exposed to different hazards

6

• differentiate among hazards, exposure, and vulnerabilities and give examples from actual situations.
7
LESSONS

Unit 2 Lessons
 E S
U N!
Q O WHAT IS
I
T ( IN YOUR OWN
VULNERABILITY?

WORDS)
MARK JOSEPH JUNIO

Vulnerability
The state of susceptibility to harm from exposure to
stresses associated with environmental and social change
and from the absence of capacity to adapt. -UNISDR
Terminology (2017)

The UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR)

(formerly United Nations International Strategy for Disaster
Reduction or UNISDR) which was established in 1999 has
the mandate to be the main coordinator of the United
Nations system on its disaster reduction activities. The
UNDRR is one of the leading authorities in disaster risk
reduction and management (DRRM).
 Vulnerability
Vulnerability is a state of being at risk. According to Republic Act
10121 also known as "Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Act of 2010", vulnerability is defined as the
characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or resource
that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard.

Vulnerability is one of the determinants of the effects and impacts of hazards.

If the experiences of a certain community to typhoons have a long history of
disasters and failed response, it could learn from it and change its ways of life.
Vulnerability affects how people live, their resources, and their capacity to
address hazards.

Vulnerability can also be defined as lack of power to be safe in times of

disasters. Disasters might affect the whole country or community, but its
effects and impacts vary. These variations or levels of vulnerability depend on
wealth, education, gender, age, and other cultural and social conditions.
 I O
ST
E
Q
U
N !
WHAT PEOPLE MAKES
VULNERABLE?
 RETRIEVED,
FEBRUARY 5
SOLIVA, SORIA, GALLONES 2022
 Vulnerability
The vulnerability of different towns or cities or even provinces differ in the
way they prepare for the hazard and the amount and type of resources they have
in order to prevent and manage it.

The vulnerability may refer to the following:

 
1. Disregard for environmental management.
2. Poorly-planned communities.
3. Poorly-constructed infrastructures and
homes.
4. Lack of public information and awareness
on preparedness and risks.
 IO
S T
E
Q
U
N!
HOW CAN WE
LESSEN
VULNERABILITY?
To lessen vulnerability means to
make the community prepared and
ready for the possible damaging
effect of the hazard. This further
means that to make the community
less vulnerable, it must be resilient.
So, to develop resiliency at home,
you should first identify the hazards
and be prepared all the time for the
possible outcome, and respond
immediately.
 A characteristic that makes the element
concerned susceptible to the forces or impacts
of a hazard. The geophysical and locational
attributes of the elements given are
considered in this category. Based on the
Hazard – present-knowledge of the distribution and
frequency of hazards, a community or country
specific may be threatened by specific hazards.

Examples
● Catanduanes is vulnerable to typhoons.
● Surigao is vulnerable to tsunami and storm
surge.
● Central Luzon is vulnerable to an eruption
of Mt. Pinatubo.
● Metro Manila is vulnerable to 7.2
magnitude earthquake called “Big One.”
 A place or an area becomes susceptible to hazards according to
their location or setting. The main concern is whether it is
Setting – located in a rural or urban setting. Some characteristics may
be present to both as well as exclusive to a specific area that
specific makes it more prone to the effects of a disaster.

Examples:
● Baseco compound is a congested area with many makeshift
houses. Due to its location and the economic status of people
living there, it is vulnerable to different hazards.
● Metro cities of Cebu and Manila due to its congested areas
and high population are vulnerable to fire and earthquake.
● Residential settlements along bodies of water (rivers, coastal
area, and delta) are vulnerable to flood and effects of climate
change.
 FACTORS

PHYSICAL SOCIAL MOTIVATIONAL

Physical
● Location (e.g. nearness to bodies of water, volcano, and other
landslide-prone areas)
● Environment (e.g. tall and old trees, stray dogs and cats, wild animals,
and dengue-affected area)
● Structural (e.g. no perimeter fence, improper electrical wiring
installation, non-compliant with building code, fire exits are too
narrow, slippery hallways, broken window glasses)

Social
● absence or lack of implementation of DRRM committee
● lacking or unknown contingency plan
● unclear protocols
● no organized evacuation drills
● no early warning system
● uncooperative neighborhood
● local community leaders are not trained in DRRM
● absence or lack of DRRM related facilities and equipment such as fire
extinguishers, first aid kits, ambulance, and others

Motivational
● No coordination between local leaders and community people.
● Funds for DRRM were diverted to other programs and initiatives.
● Local leaders are unwilling to integrate DRRM into their programs and
initiatives.
● Internal conflicts and divisions exist between local community leaders.
● A community is unaware of risks and their possible consequences
 GIAN VALLESTERO

Vulnerability of
Sectors of Society
to Disasters
Lesson 2
The level of vulnerability to a typhoon of
illegal settlements in the seaside area is
higher than those settlements located in
higher places and gated communities.
Poverty is a significant factor in
vulnerability and capacity.
 Communities living in rural areas do not
have easy access to information available
about disaster readiness and risk reduction.
Different sectors of society have
different levels of vulnerability to
disaster risk, and they also need
different levels of attention to survive
in times of emergencies.
The following factors may affect different
sectors of society:

Socio-Economic Demographic
Factors Factors
 APRIL JOY WENCESLAO

Socio-Economic Factors
• Socio-economic status or wealth plays a vital role on why
some sectors of society are more vulnerable than others.

Rich or developed countries do not suffer as much relative to developing

nations when a natural hazard occurs.
 For example, families whose houses are not compliant to the National Building
Code of the Philippines (materials, structure, ventilation, sanitation, and others).
When a strong earthquake hits their location, their houses are more likely to be
affected or destroyed. While families that reside in a structurally sound concrete
homes or high-rise condominium, have lesser vulnerability during earthquakes,
fires, or typhoon.
Socio-Economic Factors
 Government and other non-governmental
civic organizations education programs and
activities lessen the impacts or effects of
disasters by helping people to improve the
level of awareness and preparedness of
communities when disaster happens.
 Government agencies also have the primary
task of ensuring a safe and resilient
environment and community. They are
responsible for planning and creating
measures to lessen the impact of disasters on
the cities.
 APRIL JOY WENCESLAO

Socio-Economic Factors
• The movement of people from one place to another is called migration.
• Migrants, refugees, and internally-displaced persons (IDP) do not
receive the same response and relief from the government. Typically these
types of people suffer most when disaster strikes because of their
unfamiliarity on their current place of settlement .
• In the case of migrants, due to their unfamiliarity when disaster strikes,
they may be unaware of the places such as where to ask for help and
whom to ask for help. There are instances when the host country
prioritizes their citizens before they extend relief to migrants.
Demographic Factors

• Rapid urbanization comes with ballooning of population. It

has increased the number of people exposed and vulnerable to
disaster risk.
• Due to its rapidness, unplanned development and poor
infrastructure pose a serious threat.
 Demographic Factors
• Age of population or the number of young and seniors living in
communities is also a prime factor in determining the level of
vulnerability.
• In a typical evacuation scenario, the first to be evacuated are
women, children, and the elderly.
• People who also suffer from illness are also vulnerable and need
immediate attention during emergencies.
Demographic Factors
Social groups such as the marginalized (groups excluded or underrepresented
in planning and decision-making) are those discriminated during the post
disaster rescue, relief operations, recovery, and rehabilitation efforts.

Marginalized groups such as:

• pregnant women
• racial or ethnic minority
• mentally and physically challenged individuals
• tourists
• migrants
• prisoners
KIMBERLY QUINN IBAÑEZ

Lesson 3
VULNERABILI
TY OF
CERTAIN
STRUCTURES
TOPIC TO DISCUSS:

*Three primary concepts before

directly discussing the
vulnerability of physical
structures:

*Two main types of vulnerability

in physical structures:
 JENINE CASSANDRA SORINGA
Three primary concepts before
directly discussing the
vulnerability of physical
structures:
•Engineered construction: These
structures are building-code compliant. These
are designed, planned, and built by competent
structural engineers and architects.

Non-engineered construction: These structures

are designed by incompetent engineers and
architects, meaning they do not have a building
permit. In the same manner, they also do not
follow the safety standards of building construction.
Owner-built buildings: These buildings or houses are
mainly constructed by their respective owners with the
guidance of a head-mason or master-carpenter who
probably lack knowledge and competent skills on making
earthquake-proof buildings.
THIS ARE THE EXAMPLES:
Engineered construction Owner-built buildings

Non-engineered construction
KIMBERLY QUINN IBAÑEZ

TWO MAIN TYPES OF VULNERABILITY

STRUCTURAL VULNERABILITY:
Location Age of building
Number of surrounding buildings Typology
Number of stories Alteration
Shape
Maintenance
Symmetry
JENINE CASSANDRA SORINGA

Non-structural vulnerability
* walls
* ceilings
* light fixtures
* doors and frames
* electrical equipment
* mechanical equipment
* plumbing
* electrical installation
These facilities play important roles in rescue,
relief, and rehabilitation;
*hospital
*water supply facilities
*electrical distribution facilities
*telecommunication lines
*transportation hubs such as airports, seaports, road,
rails, and bridges
*schools that serve as evacuation areas/center
 APRIL ROSE FATIMA
ALBARANDO

Elements
Exposed to
Hazards
LESSON 4

01
Exposure
can be described as the situation of communities
including its people, residences, infrastructure, and
economic resources that are located in areas that are
hazard-prone.

- UNISDR, 2017

62
Exposure
it refers to the presence of people, livelihood,
environmental services , infrastructure, or social and
cultural assets in places that can be affected by the
occurring events.

63
SAMARA CASTLE AMOR

Examples
of Exposure
Urban or major cities like
Davao, Zamboanga, Metro
Cebu and Metro Manila are all
located near the coast or close
to major bodies of water.
Indicating that they are more
prone to effects of climate
change.
64
APRIL ROSE FATIMA
ALBARANDO
Examples
of Exposure
The exposure of the
communities around the active
Mayon volcano in Legazpi,
Albay is different from those
who live in the mountains of
Mindanao.

65
 MARIANNE ARABELLE ABO-ABO

Exposure Drivers
• Urbanization and the creation of major cities
make people and other sectors of society
concentrated in areas exposed to hazards due to
population growth, migration, urbanization and
economic development. (UNISDR, 2009)
• Previous disasters can drive exposure by
forcing people from their lands and to
increasingly unsafe areas. 66
 APRIL ROSE FATIMA
ALBARANDO

Exposure Drivers
• Economic oppurtunities are most likely be the
reason why people choose to live in many
hazard-prone areas.

• Cultural and religious significance of a place

is also one of the reasons why some
communities still reside in hazard-prone areas.

67
SAMARA CASTLE AMOR

Elements
Exposed to
Hazards
68
APRIL ROSE FATIMA
Elements
ALBARANDO
Exposed to Hazards

Physical hazard
• factor within the environment that can harm the body without
necessarily touching it.
• Physical aspect of geography, location, and place; settlement
patterns; and physical structures located in hazard-prone areas or
with deficiencies in resistance that are susceptible to damage.

• Examples are houses, roads, bridges, railways, buildings, etc.

69
 Four types of Physical hazards

Ergonomic hazard
Heat and cold stress hazard
Vibration hazard
Noise hazard
70
 Four types of Physical hazards

Ergonomic hazard
Heat and cold stress hazard
Vibration hazard
Noise hazard
71
 Four types of Physical hazards

Ergonomic hazard
Heat and cold stress hazard
Vibration hazard
Noise hazard
72
 Four types of Physical hazards

Ergonomic hazard
Heat and cold stress hazard
Vibration hazard
Noise hazard
73
 Four types of Physical hazards

Ergonomic hazard
Heat and cold stress hazard
Vibration hazard
Noise hazard
74
MARIANNE ARABELLE ABO-ABO
Elements Exposed to Hazards

Cultural hazard
• It is a result from your location, socioeconomic status, occupation,
and behavioral choices.
• Examples are:
- young children (18 and below)
- women (including pregnant)
- elderly
- persons with special needs

75
SAMARA CASTLE AMOR
Elements Exposed to Hazards

Economic hazard
• it refers to major natural disasters which can and do have severe
negative economic impacts.
• Examples are:
- Small and medium enterprises
- livelihood
- livestock
- agriculture
- food supply
76
 Elements Exposed to Hazards

Environmental hazard
• Outcomes from chemical, biological, or physical agents either
from on going or previous human activity

• Examples are:
- natural landscape
- bodies of water
- landforms
- biodiversity
77
 WAYNE ALCANTARA

ELEMENTS
EXPOSED TO
PARTICULAR
HAZARDS
LESSON 5
Why is it important to determine the elements
exposed to particular hazards?
• Natural phenomena such as typhoons, earthquakes,
volcano eruptions are natural events beyond the control
of human power. Such events may directly or indirectly
cause risk and hazards to people.

• There are also other catastrophic events besides natural

events which are caused by specific elements exposed
to potential hazards.
Conducting of disaster risk
assessment determine the different
elements exposed to certain types of
hazards. If the vulnerability of such
elements is not recognized and given
action, it can be a reason of an
impending disaster.
 Housings, infrastructures, material
possessions, assets, as well as the
people without any knowledge about
particular hazards in their areas, are all
exposed to specific levels of risk and
vulnerability.
GERALD GONZALES

In most cases, these elements are

barely observed and often neglected
though
in many instances, these elements are
also the common causes of many
disastrous events
which have claimed people's lives,
properties, and infrastructures.
Example of Elements Exposed to Particular
Hazards

ELECTRICAL FIRE

PEOPLE INFRASTRACTURES ASSETS

Specific Elements Exposed to Particular
Hazards
• Electrical gadgets and appliances left • Extension cords
unattended
• Space heater
• Faulty electrical wirings
• Biological substances and chemical
• Faulty outlets and outdated appliances
• Light fixtures
 KENTJIMENEZ
ROLANDO CARLO AMO

Vulnerabilities of
Elements
Exposed To Hazard

LESSON 6
Vulnerability
• Vulnerability to natural hazards is an integral factor
in understanding the true extent of risk.
• It generally refers to the impact a hazard has on
people, infrastructure and the economy.
• Can be divided into four main areas: physical,
social, economic and system vulnerabilities
depending on the class of elements at risk being
considered.
Physical
Vulnerability
• Is the potential for physical impact on the built
environment, infrastructure or population.
• Represented as the monetary value of physical
assets in the hazardous zone.
• It describes the ability of the built
environment, including homes, roads,
bridges, hospitals, schools, and government
buildings, to withstand impacts.
Social
Vulnerability • Refers to the factors that influence the way people,
households and communities react to a hazard and to the
things that influence the losses they experience.

• Is nested in that the losses of an individual can impact

on the whole household, and the losses of a household
can affect a whole community.
• Social losses are not always financial; outcomes such as
poor health, mental health issues, loss of social
interactions, loss of identity and family breakdown are
all social losses.
 KENTKENT CARLO
CARLO AMO AMO

Broadly, economic loss tends to be

Direct tangible costs- costs resulting from the impact of
the event, such as physical damage to buildings and
classified as three types of costs.
their contents, which have a market value and so can be
easily quantified

Indirect tangible costs- costs that result from the

flow on effects of a disaster that have a market
value, such as business disruption and clean up

Intangible costs- any direct or indirect cost that

Economic Loss
does not have a market value, such as death and
injury, loss of memorabilia, disruption to social
activities or loss of environmental assets. Ideally, an economic
Intangible costs are difficult to measure and so assessment of potential or
non-market valuation techniques using proxy actual losses from a
values are usually used. disaster will incorporate all
of these loss categories.
System
Vulnerability • Is a flaw or weakness in system
security procedures, design, implementation, or
internal controls that could be exercised.
• Critical infrastructure facilities are made up of
many different components that work together to
deliver services to communities.
• Some components might be more vulnerable to
hazard exposure than others. Some might be more
critical to the functions of the facility, could be a
more costly component or require longer lead
time to restore.
LESSO
N7
Hazard,
Exposures &
Vulnerability
 KEVIN JAMES SOLIVA

• Substances, events, or circumstances can

Hazard
constitute hazards when their nature would
allow them, even just theoretically, to cause
damage to health, life, property, or any other
interest of value.

• A potential source • can be classified in several ways; they can

of harm. be classified as natural, anthropogenic,
technological, or any combination, such as
in the case of the natural phenomenon of
wildfire becoming more common due to
human-made climate change or more
harmful due to changes in building
practices.
Types of Physical Hazard - slippery floors, objects in
walkways, unsafe or misused machinery
excessive noise, poor lightning fire.
Hazard Chemical Hazard - gases and dusts,
fumes, vapours and liquids

Ergonomic Hazard - poor design of

equipment, workstation of design , postural
or workflow, manual handling repetitive,
movement.
Types of Radiation Hazard - ultraviolet exposure
from the sun or welding , infrared from
Hazard drying or heating processes

Biological Hazard - viruses, bacteria,

parasites

Psychological Hazard - work load ,shift

arrangement , workplace violence
 KRISHA MIKYLLA SORIANO
• refers to the situation of people, property,
systems, or other things that are located in

Exposure
hazard zones and are thus at risk of loss.

• people, livelihoods, environmental services

and resources, infrastructure, or economic,
social, or cultural assets in areas that may be
Example of exposure: affected, lost, or destroyed in the future as a
 Living in area where result of a disaster
landslide is occuring.
Not It is possible to be exposed
but not vulnerable.
e:
 ANGELICA GALLONES

Vulnerability
• Refers to the characteristics and circumstances of a
community, system or asset that make it susceptible to the
damaging effects of a hazard.
• There are many aspects of vulnerability, arising from
various physical, social, economic, and
environmental factors.
Types of
Vulnerability
Social Vulnerability
refers to the inability of people, organizations and
societies to withst and adverse impacts to hazards due
to characteristics inherent in social interactions,
institutions and systems of cultural values. It is linked
to the level of well being of individuals, communities
and society.
Types of
Vulnerability
Economic Vulnerability
The level of vulnerability is highly dependent upon the
economic status of individuals, communities and nations The
poor are usually more vulnerable to disasters because they lack
the resources to build sturdy structures and put other
engineering measures in place to protect themselves from
being negatively impacted by disasters.
Types of
Vulnerability
Environmental Vulnerability
Natural resource depletion and resource degradation
are key aspects of environmental vulnerability.

Physical Vulnerability
may be determined by aspects such as
population density levels, remoteness of a
settlement, the site, design and materials used
for critical infrastructure and for housing.
MARK JOSEPH JUNIO

QUESTION QUESTIONS?
 THANK YOU FOR LISTENING! UwU

ABO-ABO, MARIANNE GALLONES, ANGELICA SOLIVA, KEVIN JAMES

ARABELLE

ALBARANDO, APRIL ROSE GONZALES, GERALD SORIANO, KRISHA MIKYLLA

FATIMA

ALCANTARA, WAYNE IBAÑEZ, KIMBERLY QUINN SORINGA, JENINE CASSANDRA

AMO, KENT CARLO JIMENEZ, ROLANDO VALLESTERO, GIAN LEAH

AMOR, SAMARA CASTLE JUNIO, MARK JOSEPH WENCESLAO, APRIL JOY