Advanced Algebra and Statistics

ADVANCED ALGEBRA AND STATISTICS

Mean- average of data set
Median- Middlemost data when the elements are arranged

increasingly or decreasingly
Mode- Frequently occurring data

• QUARTILE
• DECILE
• PERCENTILE
SEQUENCE
• Any function which has the set of consecutive integers,

usually the set of positive consecutive integers
beginning with 1, as its domain. The numbers in a
sequence, either finite or infinite, are called the terms
of the sequence. The th term of the sequence is
generally called the of the sequence.
• Infinite sequence: a function whose domain is the

entire set of positive integers
• Finite sequence: a function whose domain is the

positive integers from 1 to some fixed integer k.
• ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE: a sequence of numbers which
increases or decreases by a constant amount each term.
Arithmetic sequence can be written in the form
• Where is the first term, id the common difference, is

the number of terms and is the nth term.
Find the 30th term of the arithmetic sequence with , and
in the formula for the nth term above.
The 30th term is 61.

If the first three terms of an arithmetic sequence are 3,
7, and 11, what is the 10th term?
Substitute and in .
The 10th term is 39.

Sum of the First n Terms of an Arithmetic Sequence
Where
• : first term of the sequence
• : nth term of the sequence
• : common difference
Find the sum of first six terms of the sequence,
3,7,11,15….
First term is 3. Sixth term is 23. Therefore,
• GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE: sequence of numbers in which
the ratio between consecutive terms is constant.
Geometric sequence is given by the formula:
• Where is the nth term, is the first term, is the number

of terms and is the common ratio
Example:
Find the 8th term of the geometric sequence 64, -32, 16, -8
Using any two consecutive terms, find the common ratio r.

Thus
The 8th term is .

• Find the common ratio r of a geometric sequence
whose first term is 2 and whose fourth term is .
Substitute in the formula

• Answer: The common ratio is

• Sum of the First n Terms of a Geometric Sequence

If is the first term, is the last term, and is the common
ratio of geometric sequence, then the sum of the first
terms of the sequence is given by
Find the sum of the first four numbers in the sequence, 2, 4,
8…..
Definitely, the fourth number is 16. The common ratio is 2.
• PROBABILITY: measure of the likelihood that an event will occur. The
probability of event A is the number of ways event A can occur
divided by the total number of possible outcomes. If an experiment
can result in N equally likely outcomes and an event E results in n
outcomes, then the probability that E will occur is . In general,
Where is the number of sample points on E and total number of

sample points in the sample space
Two candidates, A and B are running for public office. If the probability
that A will win the election is 0.35, what is the probability that B will
win?
• The probability that B will win is equal to the probability that A will
lose.
Find the probability of getting an even number from a
single toss of a die.
Sample space:
Event:
If a pair of dice is tossed, find the probability of obtaining
a sum of 7.
By the Fundamental Principle of Counting, we know
that a pair of dice can result in or 36 ways (N=36). The
event corresponds to six sample points, namely: . Hence,
A box contains 5 red, 4 blue, and 3 white balls. If a ball is
chosen at random, what is the probability that
a) it is not red?;
b) it is not white?
The box has twelve balls (N=12)
Mutually Exclusive and Non-mutually Exclusive
Events
Two events are said to be mutually exclusive if there is no
opportunity for them to occur simultaneously if they
have no common sample point. “Drawing and ace” and
“drawing a king” from a deck of cards are mutually
exclusive because it is not possible to obtain an ace
which is a king at the same time. Essentially, two or more
events are mutually exclusive if their joint probability is
zero.
Events that can happen at the same time are non-

mutually exclusive events. In particular, they are events
which have some sample points in common. The events
“drawing an ace” and “drawing a space”, for example,
have on sample point in common since one of the four
aces is a spade. Hence, these two events are non-
mutually exclusive.
Addition Rule
Rule 1: When two events, A and B, are mutually

exclusive, the probability that A or B will occur is the sum
of the probability of each event.

Rule 2: When two events, A and B, are non-mutually
exclusive, the probability that A or B will occur is:
If a card is drawn from an ordinary deck, find the
probability of each of the following: a spade or face card;
b) face card or red card.
An AB freshman student estimates that the probability
that he will pass history 1 is 0.62; the probability that he
will pass sociology is 0.50; and the probability that he
will pass both subject is 0.40. What is the probability that
he will pass at least one of these two subjects?
Conditional Probability
The conditional probability of an event B is the

probability that the event will occur given the knowledge
that an event A has already occurred. It is denoted by ,
notation for the probability of B given A. For any events
A and B,
Where
: number of sample points common to A and B (or number of
ways in which A and B can occur together)
: number of sample points in A
Note: While and ,

Susan took two tests. The probability of her passing both
tests is 0.6. The probability of her passing the first test is
0.8. What is the probability of her passing the second
test given that she has passed the first test?
What is the probability that the total of two dice will be greater than 9,
given that the first die is a 5?
The probability that it is Friday and that a student is
absent is 0.03. Since there are 5 school days in a week,
the probability that it is Friday is 0.2. What is the
probability that a student is absent given that today is
Friday?
• Dependent and Independent Events
Two events are said to be independent if the occurrence
or non-occurrence of one is no effect on the probability
of occurrence of the other. When occurrence or non-
occurrence of one event does affect the probability of
occurrence of the other, the two are said to be
dependent on each other.
The outcomes associated with tossing a coin and tossing
a die are considered independent events because they
outcome on the coin does not in any way affect the
probability of a number occurring on the die. The
number obtained from the die does not affect the
probability of getting either a head or a tail from the
coin.
The Multiplication Rule
The multiplication rule is employed to evaluate the

probability of the simultaneous occurrence of events A
and B (also known as the joint probability of A and B).
For dependent events, the rule of multiplication is
When A and B are independent events, hence for
independent events,
• When A and B are independent events, hence for

independent events,
The probability that the raw materials needed by a
furniture company will arrive on time is 0.6. If the raw
materials arrived on time, the probability that the
company will finish the orders on time is 0.8. What is the
probability that the raw material will arrive on time and
the orders are finished on time?
Let A = event that the raw materials arrive on time
C = event that the orders are finished on time

Suppose you have a box with 3 blue marbles, 2 red
marbles, and 4 yellow marbles. You are going to pull out
one marble, record its color, put it back in the box and
draw another marble. What is the probability of pulling
out a red marble followed by a blue marble?
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ADVANCED ALGEBRA AND STATISTICS

ADVANCED ALGEBRA AND STATISTICS

Median- Middlemost data when the elements are arranged

Mode- Frequently occurring data

• Any function which has the set of consecutive integers,

• Infinite sequence: a function whose domain is the

• Finite sequence: a function whose domain is the

• Where is the first term, id the common difference, is

The 30th term is 61.

The 10th term is 39.

• Where is the nth term, is the first term, is the number

Using any two consecutive terms, find the common ratio r.

The 8th term is .

• Answer: The common ratio is

Where is the number of sample points on E and total number of

Events that can happen at the same time are non-

Rule 1: When two events, A and B, are mutually

The conditional probability of an event B is the

: number of sample points in A

Note: While and ,

The multiplication rule is employed to evaluate the

• When A and B are independent events, hence for

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