‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬

Bayan college for science & technology

Instrumentation and Measurement

Instructor: Eng. Nada H Mekki
 lec3
Systematic characteristics
 content

• Systematic Characteristics:
– Hysteresis.
– Sensitivity.
– resolution.
 Hysteresis

For a given value of I, the output O may be

different depending on whether I is
increasing or decreasing. Hysteresis is the
difference between these two values of O
Hysteresis cont.
 Sensitivity
 Is the ratio of change in output to the
change in input =
 For a linear element dO/dI =K is the
slope or gradient of the straight line.
 For non-linear element dO/dI= K +
dN/dI,
 sensitivity is the slope or gradient of
the output versus input characteristics
O(I ).
 Sensitivity cont.
Example:
A . a pressure transducer have input range of 0 to 104Pa
and output range of 4 to 20mA.find sensitivity.
Solution:
K== [(20 – 4)/(104 – 0)]= 1.6 x 10-3
sensitivity S= 1.6 × 10−3 mA/Pa.
 Resolution
Resolution is defined as the largest
change in input (I) that can occur without
any corresponding change in output (O).
 Resolution cont.
Thus in the figure resolution is defined in
terms of the width ΔIR of the widest step,
resolution expressed as a percentage of the
input
 
 Quiz
 A level transducer has an output range of 0
to 10 V. For a 3 metre level, the output
voltage for a falling level is 3.05 V and for a
rising level 2.95 V. Find the hysteresis as a
percentage of span.
 Tut
 A force sensor has an output range of 1 to 5
V corresponding to an input range of 0 to
2 × 10^5 N. Find the equation of the ideal
straight line.and non the nonlinearity at
input10^5 if the output was 2.3V.
 H.W
 The e.m.f. at a thermocouple junction is 645
μV at the steam point, 3375 μV at the zinc
point and 9149 μV at the silver point. Given
that the e.m.f.–temperature relationship is of
the form E(T) = a1T + a2T 2 + a3T 3 (T in
°C), find a1, a2 and a3.
 Hint:
 See the table at page 28