Engineering Math 4

Eng neer ng Mathemat cs
Appl cat on of Complex Numbers

to Electr cal C rcu ts
3/10/16 1
The sinusoidal wave form can be derived from the length of the vertical projection of a
radius vector rotating in a uniform circular motion about a fixed point.
The velocity with which the radius vector rotates about the center, called the angular
velocity, can be determined from the following equation:
The angular velocity (ω) is:
Since (ω) is typically provided in radians per second, the angle α obtained using α = ωt is
usually in radians.
The time required to complete one revolution is equal to the period (T) of the sinusoidal
waveform. The radians subtended in this time interval are 2π.
The basic mathematical format for the sinusoidal waveform is:
V m sinα
Vm is the peak value of the waveform and α is the unit of measure for the horizontal axis.
The equation α = ωt states that the angle α through which the rotating vector will pass is
determined by the angular velocity of the rotating vector and the length of time the vector
rotates.
For a particular angular velocity (fixed ω), the longer the radius vector is permitted to
rotate (that is, the greater the value of t ), the greater will be the number of degrees or
radians through which the vector will pass. The general format of a sine wave can also be
as:
A SINUSOID is a signal that has the form of the sine or cosine function.
The sinusoidal current is referred to as AC. Circuits driven by AC sources are referred to
as AC Circuits.
Sketch of V m sinωt.
T Period
(a) As a function of ωt. (b) As a function of t .

• Vm is the AMPLITUDE of the sinusoid.
• ω is the ANGULAR FREQUENCY in radians/s.
• f is the FREQUENCY in Hertz.
3/10/16 • T is the period in seconds. 4
● A periodic function is one that satisfies v(t) = v(t + nT), for

all t and for all integers n.
● Only two sinusoidal values with the same frequency can be

compared by their amplitude and phase difference.
● If phase difference is zero, they are in phase; if phase difference is
not zero, they are out of phase.
Phase of S nuso ds
● The terms lead and lag are used to indicate the relationship between
two sinusoidal waveforms of the same frequency plotted on the same set
of axes.
● The cosine curve is said to lead the sine curve by 90°.
● The sine curve is said to lag the cosine curve by 90°.
● 90 is referred to as the phase angle between the two waveforms.
● When determining the phase measurement we first note that each
sinusoidal function has the same frequency, permitting the use of either
waveform to determine the period.
Phase of S nuso ds
● Consider the sinusoidal voltage having phase φ,
• v2 LEADS v1 by phase φ.
• v 1 LAGS v2 by phase φ.
• v 1 and v2 are out of phase.
EXERCISE
Voltage and current are out of phase by 40°, and voltage lags. Us ng current
as the reference, sketch the phasor d agram and the correspond ng
waveforms.
3/10/16 8
Phasors
A phasor is a complex number that represents the amplitude and phase
of a sinusoid.
Phasor is the mathematical equivalent of a sinusoid with time variable
dropped.
Phasor representation is based on Euler’s identity:
Given a sinusoid v(t)=Vm cos(ωt+φ).

Phasors
Given the sinusoids i(t)=Im cos(ωt+φI) and v(t)=Vm cos(ωt+ φV) we can
obtain the phasor forms as:
● Amplitude and phase difference are two principal
concerns in the study of voltage and current sinusoids.
● Phasor will be defined from the cosine function in all our
proceeding study. If a voltage or current expression is in
the form of a sine, it will be changed to a cosine by
subtracting from the phase.
• Example
• Transform the follow ng s nuso ds to phasors:
o
– = 6cos(50t – 40 ) A
o
– v = –4s n(30t + 50 ) V
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● Amplitude and phase difference are two principal
concerns in the study of voltage and current sinusoids.
● Phasor will be defined from the cosine function in all our
proceeding study. If a voltage or current expression is in
the form of a sine, it will be changed to a cosine by
subtracting from the phase.
• Example
• Transform the follow ng s nuso ds to phasors:
o
– = 6cos(50t – 40 ) A
o
–Solution:
v = –4s n(30t + 50 ) V
a. I A
b. Since –sin(A) = cos(A+90 o );
v(t) = 4cos (30t+50 o +90 o ) = 4cos(30t+140 o ) V
3/10/16 Transform to phasor => V V 1
2
Example:
Transform the s nuso ds correspond ng to phasors:
a)
b)
3/10/16 13
Example:
Transform the s nuso ds correspond ng to phasors:
a)
b)
Solution:
a) v(t) = 10cos(ωt + 210 o) V
b) Since
i(t) = 13cos(ωt + 22.62 o) A
3/10/16 1
4
Phasor as Rotat ng Vectors

Phasor D agrams
The SINOR
Rotates on a circle of radius Vm at an angular velocity of ω in the
counterclockwise direction
Phasor D agrams
D fferent at on and Integrat on n Phasor Doma n
Differentiating a sinusoid is equivalent to multiplying its corresponding
phasor by jω.
Integrating a sinusoid is equivalent to dividing its corresponding phasor

by jω.
Add ng Phasors Graph cally
● Adding sinusoids of the same frequency is equivalent to adding their

corresponding phasors.
V=V1+V 2
Example:
Phasor Relationships for Circuit Elements
● After we know how to convert RLC components from t me to phasor

doma n, we can transform a t me doma n c rcu t nto a phasor/frequency
doma n c rcu t.
● Hence, we can apply the KCL laws and other theorems to d rectly set up
phasor equat ons nvolv ng our target var able(s) for solv ng.
● Next we f nd the phasor or frequency doma n equ valent of the element
equat ons for RLC elements.
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Phasor voltage and current

T me Doma n Frequency Doma n of a resistor are in phase
3/10/16 22
Phasor Relationship for Resistor
Frequency Doma n
Voltage and current of a

resistor are in phase
T me Doma n
3/10/16 23
Phasor Relationships for Inductor
Phasor current of an
inductor LAGS the voltage
by 90 degrees.
T me Doma n Frequency Doma n
Phasor Relationships for Inductor
Frequency Doma n
Phasor current of an
inductor LAGS the voltage
by 90 degrees.
T me Doma n
3/10/16 25
Phasor Relationships for Capacitor
Phasor current of a capacitor

T me Doma n Frequency Doma n LEADS the voltage by 90 degrees.
3/10/16 26
Phasor Relationships for Capacitor
Frequency Doma n
Phasor current of a
capacitor LEADS the voltage
by 90 degrees.
T me Doma n
3/10/16 27
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3/10/16 29
Impedance and Admittance
● The Impedance Z
● The Admitance Y of a
of a circuit is the
circuit is the reciprocal
ratio of phasor
of impedance
voltage V to the
measured in Simens (S).
phasor current I.
● Impedances and Admitances of passive elements.
3/10/16 30
Impedance as a Function of Frequency
● The Impedance Z of a circuit is a function of the frequency.
● Inductor is SHORT CIRCUIT at DC and OPEN CIRCUIT at high

frequencies.
Capacitor is OPEN CIRCUIT at DC and SHORT CIRCUIT at high
frequencies.
3/10/16 31
Impedance of Joint Elements

● The Impedance Z represents the opposition of the circuit to the
flow of sinusoidal current.
+
Z V I
-
● The Reactance is Inductive if X is positive and it is Capacitive if X

is negative.
3/10/16 32
Example
3/10/16 33
Admittance of Joint Elements
● The Admittance Y represents the admittance of the circuit to the

flow of sinusoidal current.
The admittance is measured in Siemens (s)
Y +
I
V
-
3/10/16 34
Application of KVL for Phasors
● The Kirchoff”s Voltage Law
(KVL) holds in the frequency
domain. For series connected
impedances:
● The Voltage Division for two elements in series is:
3/10/16 35
Parallel Combination for Phasors

● The Kirchoff”s Voltage
Law (KVL) holds in the
frequency domain. For
series connected
impedances:
● The Current Division for two elements is:
3/10/16 36
Example
Z3
Z1
Z2
3/10/16 37
Example
3/10/16 38
Application of Current Division for Phasors
Calculate the currents 1

and 2 n phasor doma n
1 2
3/10/16 39
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0
Example
3/10/16 41
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2
3/10/16 4
3
Superposition Theorem
The superpos t on pr nc ple states that the voltage across (or current through)
an element n a l near c rcu t s the algebra c sum of the voltages across (or
currents through) that element due to each ndependent source act ng alone.
3/10/16 44
Superposition Theorem
The theorem becomes mportant f the c rcu t has sources operat ng at

d fferent frequenc es. In th s case, s nce the mpedances depend on frequency,
we must have a d fferent frequency doma n c rcu t for each frequency. The
total response must be obta ned by add ng the nd v dual responses n the
t me doma n.
It s ncorrect to try to add the responses n the phasor or frequency doma n.

Why? Because the exponent al factor ejωt s mpl c t n s nuso dal analys s, and
that factor would change for every angular frequency ω. It would therefore not
make sense to add responses at d fferent frequenc es n the phasor doma n.
Thus, when a c rcu t has sources operat ng at d fferent frequenc es, one must
add the responses due to the nd v dual frequenc es n the t me doma n.
3/10/16 45
Example
3/10/16 46
3/10/16 4
7
3/10/16 4
8

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Engineering Math 4

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Eng neer ng Mathemat cs

Appl cat on of Complex Numbers

The angular velocity (ω) is:

(a) As a function of ωt. (b) As a function of t .

● A periodic function is one that satisfies v(t) = v(t + nT), for

● Only two sinusoidal values with the same frequency can be

Given a sinusoid v(t)=Vm cos(ωt+φ).

Phasor as Rotat ng Vectors

Integrating a sinusoid is equivalent to dividing its corresponding phasor

● Adding sinusoids of the same frequency is equivalent to adding their

Phasor Relationships for Circuit Elements

● After we know how to convert RLC components from t me to phasor

Phasor voltage and current

Voltage and current of a

Phasor current of a capacitor

● Impedances and Admitances of passive elements.

● The Impedance Z of a circuit is a function of the frequency.

● Inductor is SHORT CIRCUIT at DC and OPEN CIRCUIT at high

Impedance of Joint Elements

● The Reactance is Inductive if X is positive and it is Capacitive if X

● The Admittance Y represents the admittance of the circuit to the

● The Voltage Division for two elements in series is:

Parallel Combination for Phasors

● The Current Division for two elements is:

Application of Current Division for Phasors

Calculate the currents 1

Application of Current Division for Phasors

Application of Current Division for Phasors

The theorem becomes mportant f the c rcu t has sources operat ng at

It s ncorrect to try to add the responses n the phasor or frequency doma n.

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